Polyphenole – Sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe und ihre Wirkungen
Polyphenole sind in der Natur vorkommende aromatische Verbindungen, die zwei oder mehrere an einen aromatischen Ring gebundene Hydroxygruppen enthalten. Natürliche Polyphenole kommen in Pflanzen als bioaktive sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe vor. Darunter fallen Farbstoffe, Geschmacksstoffe, Tannine und viele mehr. Sie schützen Pflanzen vor Fraßfeinden oder wirken durch ihre Farbe auf Insekten oder Säugetiere. Sie dienen in einigen Pflanzen auch, aufgrund ihrer antioxidativen Wirkung und der Filterung energiereicher UV-B-Strahlung, als Schutz für den Photosynthese Apparat.
Gesundheitliche Wirkungen
Krebs
Viele Polyphenole gelten vor allem auch wegen ihrer antioxidativen Wirkung als gesundheitsfördernd. Sie wirken entzündungshemmend und krebsvorbeugend. Im Rahmen verschiedener Studien mit Granatapfel, welcher in der medizinischen Ernährungsforschung im letzten Jahrzehnt in den Fokus der Wissenschaft gerückt ist, konnten diese Wirkungen nachgewiesen werden. Besonders hervorzuheben ist hier die Anwendung von Saft, Schale und Öl und die darin enthaltenen Polyphenole. So konnte gehemmtes Zellwachstum der Krebszellen in Brust, Lunge, Haut, Darm und der Prostata beobachtet werden. .
Entzündungen, Erkältungen
Die krebshemmende Wirkung wir unter anderem mit der anti-entzündlichen Wirkung der sekundären Pflanzenstoffe wie Polyphenole in Verbindung gebracht. So sind Sprossen in der Medizin für ein breites Anwendungsspektrum und der Vorbeugung von Krankheiten, welche auf Basis chronischer Entzündungen im Körper entstehen, geeignet. Besonders Phenolsäuren zeigen hier große Wirkung gegen Bakterien, Pilze aber auch Viren. Hier wurden vor allem Gerbsäuren von Fruchtextrakten auf Polio- und Herpesviren untersucht. Es kam zu einer Überlebensrate von mit Fruchtsäure behandelten Viren von kleiner 1%. Dabei sind vor allem Heidelbeeren, Erdbeeren Himbeeren aber auch Trauben und Pflaumen zu erwähnen.
Es empfiehlt sich also, besonders im Winter zur Vorbeugung und Abschwächung von Erkältungskrankheiten, Früchte wie Heidelbeeren oder auch Zitrusfrüchte zusammen mit Grünpflanzen oder Wildkräutern, wie z.B. Schaumkraut, Spitzwegerich, Gänseblümchen oder auch Schafgarbe, zu essen. Polyphenolreiche Sprossen wie Kresse, Buchweizen oder auch Alfalfa eignen sich hier besonders gut und schmecken zudem lecker zu vielen Obstsorten.
Antioxidative Wirkung, Kreislauf, Ateriosklerose,
Bluthochdruck
Polyphenole vermindern die Fettablagerungen in den Blutgefäßen und beugen damit der Arteriosklerose vor. In einer Studie konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich nach einjährigem Verzehr von Granatapfelsaft die Dicke der inneren Gefäßwand der Halsschlagadern bei Patienten mit Arteriosklerose, um bis zu 30 % abnahm. In der entsprechenden Kontrollgruppe nahm diese um bis zu 9 % zu.
Das Risiko eines Schlaganfalles ist besonders im Alter nicht zu unterschätzen. 20 von 1000 Menschen im Alter über 80 erleiden einen Schlaganfall. Mit Sprossen-Säften können sie so auf einfache und leckere Weise vorbeugen und das Risiko mindern.
Ferner konnte Blutdruck regulierende und senkende Wirkung festgestellt werden. In einer Studie wurden 10 Patienten für drei Jahre mit Granatapfelsaft substituiert. Der Blutdruck wurde vor und während der Einnahme über die drei Jahre gemessen und reduzierte sich schon nach einem Jahr um 12%. Dies ist enorm und zeigt, wie einfach es ist über gesunde Ernährung auf den Blutdruck einzuwirken, ohne zu verzichten.
Vorbeugung gegen Karies
Polyphenole Extrakte aus verschiedenen Weintraubensorten hemmen die Bakterienart Streptococcus mutans. Diese werden vor Allem für die bekannten Zahnbeläge und dem damit verbundenen Karies verantwortlich gemacht. Durch ihre bakterizide Wirkung hemmen Polyphenole die schädlichen Auswirkungen der Bakterien und wirken so auch vorbeugend.
Nahrungsergänzungen
Nahrungsergänzungen sind in aller Munde. Vor allem im Bereich Polyphenole wird viel versprochen und noch mehr Geld verdient. Bekannt wurden die Polyphenole vor allem durch OPC und Resveratrol Produkte, oft im Zusammenspiel mit hohen Vitamin C Dosen verkauft. Wir können vor solchen Produkten überwiegend abraten. Sie sind schwer zu dosieren, da es keine verlässlichen Studien zur genauen Dosierung gibt. Der Hinweis, dass die Extrakte natürlicher Herkunft seien und somit auch Überdosierungen auf natürliche Weise ausgeschieden werden, ist nicht zu halten und Studien zeigen genau das Gegenteil. Dazu brauch es allerdings weniger Studien als einen gesunden Menschenverstand. Alles, was überflüssig ist, muss vom Körper abgebaut und unter anderem über die Nieren ausgeschieden werden. Diese werden belastet und nehmen mittelfristig schaden, sodass ihre Leistungsfähigkeit abnimmt.
Viele sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe besitzen in geringer Dosis, so wie sie in Pflanzen vorkommen, positive biologische Eigenschaften. Bei In-vitro-Untersuchungen, als Medizin oder Nahrungsergänzung eingenommen und besonders in hoher Dosierung, können allerdings auch toxische Wirkungen auftreten. Zudem wird ihre Wirkung noch durch den sog. Matrixeffekt mit anderen sekundären Pflanzenstoffen moduliert. Für Quercetin z.B. ist eine Erbgut verändernde Wirkung nachgewiesen. Liegt es dagegen in einer Pflanzen- bzw. Stoffmatrix vor, welche andere Polyphenole enthält, überwiegt insgesamt eine nicht Erbgut verändernde Wirkung des Pflanzenextraktes.
Wir empfehlen sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe über lebendige Pflanzen wie Wildkräuter oder frisches regionales Obst aufzunehmen. Alle Samen enthalten Polyphenole. Während der Keimung des Samens steigt die Anzahl und Menge dieser Verbindungen und Stoffe enorm an. Mit diesen Schützt sich der Samen meist vor Fraßfeinden, Pilzen, Bakterien, Sonnenstrahlung und vielen anderen Gefahren, welche die Fortpflanzung behindern könnten. Es lohnt sich also Wildkräuter oder frische Sprossen in seine Ernährung zu integrieren. So sind Sprossen in der Medizin für ein breites Anwendungsspektrum und der Vorbeugung von Krankheiten, welche auf Basis chronischer Entzündungen im Körper entstehen, geeignet.
Vorkommen
Obst: Heidelbeeren, Brombeeren, Weintrauben, Johannisbeeren, Pflaumen, Kirschen, Äpfel, Birnen
Sprossen: Brokkoli, Radieschen, Kresse, Buchweizen
Wildkräuter: Löwenzahn, Giersch, Schaumkräuter, Spitzwegerich, Vogelmiere, Blüten
Weiter lesen
Sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe, Buchweizen
Quellenverzeichnis
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