Sprossen – Das Wunder des Keimens nutzen
Süßgräser wie Gerste, Weizen oder Roggen sind seit langem wichtige Grundnahrungsmittel vieler Kulturen. Nachweise zeigen, dass Getreide wie Gerste schon vor 15000 Jahren im Vorderen Orient angebaut wurde. Als Menschen sesshaft wurden beschäftigten sie sich auch mit neuen Methoden der Nahrungsbeschaffung. Mit dem Ackerbau hielten auch Züchtungsmethoden Einzug in unsere Kulturen. Man erkannte Vorteile bestimmter Pflanzen und vermehrte diese gezielt. Meist wurden allerdings positive Anbaumerkmale wie leichtes ernten bevorzugt. Wildes Getreide reift nicht nach Wunsch des Menschen, sondern richtet sich nach natürlichen Vorgaben. In 15000 Jahren trieb der Mensch dies auf die Spitze und so finden sich heute überwiegend Sorten, welche auf eine Bestimmte Branche zugeschnitten sind in den Regalen. Besonders betroffen davon sind Weizen, Gerste oder auch Roggen. Getreide wird vor allen bei der Herstellung von Brot, Bieren oder zur Verfütterung an Nutztiere angebaut. Etwa 20% der Welternte gehen in die Malzherstellung durch Gerste Sprossen. So sind die heutigen Züchtungen auch darauf optimiert. Sie verfügen über einen sehr hohen Kohlenhydratanteil.
Beim Keimen der Gerste wird die Stärke sehr schnell in ein Zuckergemisch umgewandelt. Dieser ist für die Herstellung von Alkohol wichtig. Beim Keimen können wir uns dies zu Nutze machen. Schon nach wenigen Tagen schmeckt der Gerstenkeimling wunderbar süß und kann als natürliche Süße bzw. als Grundlage leckerer Müslis dienen.
Gerste Sprossen – Durchsch. Nährwerte g/ 100g
Energie 320 kcal Fett 2 Kohlenhydrate 65 Zucker 0 Eiweiß 10 Ballaststoffe 10 Mineralien Kalium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chlorid, Schwefel , Phosphor Spurenelemente Eisen, Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Jod, Silizium Vitamine A, C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, E Sonstige Iodid
Gerste Sprossen – Gesundheit
Gerste und Hafer haben es in den letzten Jahren vor allem wegen ihrer gesunden Ballaststoffe in die Gesundheitsschlagzeilen geschafft. Besonders ein Vertreter der löslichen Ballaststoffe hat sich hier hervorgetan, das Beta-Glucan . Auch hier gab es einen regelrechten Hype. Unterstützt hat hier die Aufnahme in die Health-Claims-Verordnung des Europäischen Parlaments über nährwert- und gesundheitsbezogene Angaben bei Lebensmitteln.
Seit es diese Verordnung gibt, entwickeln viele Hersteller nur noch nach den Aussagen dieser Verordnung, um sich von Konkurrenten abzusetzen und mehr Umsatz zu machen. Der Gesundheit der Verbraucher ist das meist wenig dienlich. So darf lauf Health-Claims-Verordnung mit folgender Aussage geworben werden „Der Verzehr von Beta-Glucanen aus Hafer oder Gerste als Teil einer Mahlzeit trägt zur Reduktion des Blutzuckerspiegels nach dem Essen bei“ .
Beta-Glucan übt beim Typ-2-Diabetiker eine blutzuckersenkende Wirkung aus, die mit einer Verbesserung der Insulinantwort verbunden ist. Hintergrund ist vermutlich die Eigenschaft des Beta-Glucans, die Viskosität des Nahrungsbreis in Magen und Darm zu erhöhen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch oft die durch das Beta-Glucan ausgelößte längere Verweildauer des Nahrungsbreies im Magen erwähnt, welche eine verzögerte Entleerung mit dem Effekt einer länger anhaltenden Sättigung bewirkt.
Übergewicht, Diabetes, Rheuma
über die Erhöhung bestimmter Ballaststoffe in Getreiden
anzugehen, ist wie das Pferd von hinten aufzäumen. Man erreicht eine kurzfristige
Abnahme der Symptome und auch Erfolge im z.B. Abnehmen, doch erkauft man sich
diese mit einer weiter ungesunden Grundernährung. Erfolgversprechender ist hier
das Getreide vor dem Verzehr zu keimen, die Menge zu reduzieren und den
Wasseranteil der Nahrung über z.B. Obst oder Trinken zu erhöhen. Mehr dazu auch
im Kapitel Natürliche Ernährung.
Durch Keimung steigt die Menge an wertvollen Antioxidantien wie Polyphenole , Rutin, Quercitin und Vitamin C enorm an. Polyphenole gelten als gesundheitsfördernd und einige wirken antioxidativ, entzündungshemmend und krebsvorbeugend. Sie schützen unsere Zellen vorfreien Radikalen und verlangsamen die Zelloxidation.
Einsatzgebiete Gerste Sprossen
Diabetes Übergewicht Antioxidative Wirkung Entzündungshemmend Krebsvorbeugung Rheuma
Keimung Gerste Sprossen
Da die Spelzen der Gerste schwer zu kauen sind und ein unangenehmes Gefühl beim Kauen auslösen können, ist die Nacktgerste zu bevorzugen. Hier wurden die Spelzen mechanisch entfernt bzw. es gibt extra Züchtungsformen ohne Spelzen. Besonders bei Müsliflocken macht sich dies positiv bemerkbar.
Gerste Sprossen ( 8h gewässert – 2 Tage gekeimt) Gerste Sprossen ( 8h gewässert – 2 Tage gekeimt)
Die
Samen 6- 8h in Wasser einlegen und dann zum Keimen bringen. Sie lassen sich im
großen Glas leicht in größerer Menge ziehen. Schon nach drei Tagen können die
ersten Keimlinge geerntet werden.
Gerstengras
Seit
dem Aufkommen sogenannter Superfoods hat auch Gerstengras, neben Weizengras,
einen regelrechten Hype erfahren. Unglaubliche gesundheitliche Versprechen der
verschiedensten Hersteller und die Generation Smoothie haben den Markt für Grasprodukte
explodieren lassen. Sehr beliebt Gerstengraspulver. Es hat den Vorteil, dass es
lange haltbar und leicht zu dosieren ist.
Gerstengras
Zum
Züchten von Gerstengras gehen wir ähnlich wie bei Keimlingen vor. Nach dem
Wässern geben wir diese allerdings in ein flaches Gefäß mit nährstoffreicher
Erde bzw. Substrat. Diese gibt es fertig im Blumenladen zu kaufen bzw. ein
bisschen vom Maulwurfshügel aus dem Garten tut es auch. Die Erde vor dem
Einpflanzen gut wässern, so wie wir es auch von Blumen oder sonstigen Pflanzen
kennen. Danach die einzelnen aktivierten Samenkörner mit ein paar Millimeter
Abstand in die feuchte Erde drücken. Nachdem das erste Grün kommt auf die
Fensterbank ins Licht stellen und immer gut feucht halten. Je nach Jahreszeit
kann nach 10 – 12 Tagen wunderbares Grün geerntet werden.
Ernährung Gerste Sprossen
Frisch gekeimte Gerste eignet sich hervorragend als Sprossen über Ihren Salat oder Topping für Sandwiches. Getrocknet und/ oder geflockt eine natürlich Süße und gesunde Grundlage für jedes Müsli.
Geschmack
Süß, leicht würzig
Weiter lesen
Sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe , Sprossen Magic13 , Vorteile Keimen 3
Quellenverzeichnis
{6247344:F4FBKTFR};{6247344:7W4TLJAT}
apa
default
1
0
10005872
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A50%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22M94RGXKU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Beck%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBeck%2C%20V.%2C%20Rohr%2C%20U.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jungbauer%2C%20A.%20%282005%29.%20Phytoestrogens%20derived%20from%20red%20clover%3A%20an%20alternative%20to%20estrogen%20replacement%20therapy%3F%20%3Ci%3EThe%20Journal%20of%20Steroid%20Biochemistry%20and%20Molecular%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E94%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%20499%26%23x2013%3B518.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jsbmb.2004.12.038%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jsbmb.2004.12.038%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Phytoestrogens%20derived%20from%20red%20clover%3A%20an%20alternative%20to%20estrogen%20replacement%20therapy%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rohr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jungbauer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20benefits%20of%20plant%20extracts%20from%20soy%20and%20red%20clover%20as%20alternatives%20to%20conventional%20hormone%20replacement%20therapy%20%28HRT%29%20have%20been%20debated%20in%20the%20past.%20Here%2C%20an%20attempt%20has%20been%20made%20to%20summarize%20the%20biochemical%20and%20pharmacological%20data%20in%20the%20light%20of%20clinical%20aspects.%20Red%20clover%20and%20soy%20extracts%20contain%20isoflavones%2C%20which%20have%20a%20high%20affinity%20to%20estrogen%20receptor%20alpha%20%28ERalpha%29%2C%20estrogen%20receptor%20beta%20%28ERbeta%29%2C%20progesterone%20receptor%20%28PR%29%20and%20androgen%20receptor%20%28AR%29.%20The%20higher%20affinity%20to%20ERbeta%20compared%20to%20ERalpha%20has%20been%20used%20as%20an%20explanation%20why%20red%20clover%20extracts%20function%20as%20food%20additives%20to%20treat%20menopausal%20disorders%20and%20may%20reduce%20risk%20of%20breast%20cancer.%20Biochemical%20analysis%20shows%20that%20these%20representatives%20of%20phytoestrogens%20have%20multiple%20actions%20beside%20selective%20estrogen%20receptor%20modulator%20%28SERM%29-activity.%20They%20act%20as%20selective%20estrogen%20enzyme%20modulators%20%28SEEMs%29%2C%20have%20antioxidant%20activity%20and%20interact%20with%20transcription%20factors%20such%20as%20NF-kappaB.%20Furthermore%2C%20it%20is%20indicated%20that%20they%20have%20protective%20effects%20on%20osteoporosis%20and%20the%20cardiovascular%20system.%20Currently%2040-50mg%20of%20isoflavones%20%28biochanin%20A%2C%20daidzein%2C%20formononetin%20and%20genistein%29%20are%20recommended%20as%20daily%20dose.%20This%20recommendation%20is%20based%20on%20the%20daily%20intake%20of%20phytoestrogens%20in%20a%20traditional%20Japanese%20diet.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%202005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jsbmb.2004.12.038%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220960-0760%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-03-14T13%3A41%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22X99J7E5X%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nathan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENathan%2C%20J.%2C%20Panjwani%2C%20S.%2C%20Mohan%2C%20V.%2C%20Joshi%2C%20V.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Thakurdesai%2C%20P.%20A.%20%282014%29.%20Efficacy%20and%20safety%20of%20standardized%20extract%20of%20Trigonella%20foenum-graecum%20L%20seeds%20as%20an%20adjuvant%20to%20L-Dopa%20in%20the%20management%20of%20patients%20with%20Parkinson%26%23x2019%3Bs%20disease.%20%3Ci%3EPhytotherapy%20Research%3A%20PTR%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E28%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20172%26%23x2013%3B178.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fptr.4969%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fptr.4969%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Efficacy%20and%20safety%20of%20standardized%20extract%20of%20Trigonella%20foenum-graecum%20L%20seeds%20as%20an%20adjuvant%20to%20L-Dopa%20in%20the%20management%20of%20patients%20with%20Parkinson%27s%20disease%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nathan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Siddika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Panjwani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mohan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Veena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joshi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Prasad%20Arvind%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thakurdesai%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20objective%20of%20this%20study%20is%20to%20evaluate%20disease%20modifying%20efficacy%20and%20safety%20of%20a%20standardized%20extract%20of%20Trigonella%20foenum-graecum%20L%2C%20Fenugreek%20%28IBHB%29%20%28family%20Fabaceae%29%20as%20a%20nutritional%20adjuvant%20to%20Levo-dopa%20%28L-Dopa%29%20in%20Parkinson%27s%20disease%20%28PD%29%20patients.%20We%20conducted%20double-blind%20placebo-controlled%20proof%20of%20concept%20clinical%20study%20of%20IBHB%20capsules%20%28300%20mg%2C%20twice%20daily%29%20with%20matching%20placebo%20for%206%20months%20of%20period%20in%2050%20patients%20of%20PD%20stabilized%20on%20L-Dopa%20therapy.%20The%20efficacy%20outcome%20measures%20were%20the%20scores%20of%20Unified%20Parkinson%27s%20Disease%20Rating%20Scale%20%28UPDRS%20-%20total%20and%20its%20subsections%29%2C%20and%20Hoehn%20and%20Yahr%20%28H%26Y%29%20staging%20at%20baseline%20and%20end%20of%206-months%20treatment%20duration.%20Safety%20evaluation%20included%20haematology%2C%20biochemistry%2C%20urinalysis%20parameters%20and%20adverse%20event%20monitoring.%20Total%20UPDRS%20scores%20in%20IBHB%20treatment%20%280.098%25%29%20showed%20slower%20rise%20as%20opposed%20to%20steep%20rise%20%2813.36%25%29%20shown%20by%20placebo.%20Further%2C%20Clinically%20Important%20Difference%20for%20total%20UPDRS%20scores%20and%20scores%20of%20motor%20subsection%20of%20UPDRS%20was%20found%20to%20be%205.3%20and%204.8%2C%20respectively%2C%20in%20favour%20of%20IBHB%20treatment.%20Similar%20improvement%20was%20shown%20by%20IBHB%20in%20terms%20of%20H%26Y%20staging%20as%20compared%20with%20placebo.%20IBHB%20was%20found%20to%20have%20excellent%20safety%20and%20tolerability%20profile.%20In%20conclusion%2C%20IBHB%20can%20be%20useful%20adjuvant%20treatment%20with%20L-Dopa%20in%20management%20of%20PD%20patients.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fptr.4969%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221099-1573%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-27T16%3A44%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QGBZAZKH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haeri%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-05-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHaeri%2C%20M.%20R.%2C%20Limaki%2C%20H.%20K.%2C%20White%2C%20C.%20J.%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20White%2C%20K.%20N.%20%282012%29.%20Non-insulin%20dependent%20anti-diabetic%20activity%20of%20%282S%2C%203R%2C%204S%29%204-hydroxyisoleucine%20of%20fenugreek%20%28Trigonella%20foenum%20graecum%29%20in%20streptozotocin-induced%20type%20I%20diabetic%20rats.%20%3Ci%3EPhytomedicine%3A%20International%20Journal%20of%20Phytotherapy%20and%20Phytopharmacology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E19%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%20571%26%23x2013%3B574.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.phymed.2012.01.004%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.phymed.2012.01.004%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Non-insulin%20dependent%20anti-diabetic%20activity%20of%20%282S%2C%203R%2C%204S%29%204-hydroxyisoleucine%20of%20fenugreek%20%28Trigonella%20foenum%20graecum%29%20in%20streptozotocin-induced%20type%20I%20diabetic%20rats%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mohammed%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haeri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hamidreza%20Khalatbari%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Limaki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christopher%20J.%20Branford%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22White%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenneth%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22White%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20seeds%20of%20fenugreek%2C%20Trigonella%20foenum%20graecum%2C%20commonly%20used%20as%20a%20spice%20in%20Middle%20Eastern%20countries%20and%20widely%20used%20in%20south%20Asia%20and%20Europe%2C%20are%20known%20to%20have%20anti-diabetic%20properties.%20They%20contain%20an%20unusual%20amino%20acid%20%282S%2C%203R%2C%204S%29%204-hydroxyisoleucine%20%284HO-Ile%29%2C%20so%20far%20found%20only%20in%20fenugreek%2C%20which%20has%20anti-diabetic%20properties%20of%20enhancing%20insulin%20secretion%20under%20hyperglycaemic%20conditions%2C%20and%20increasing%20insulin%20sensitivity.%20Here%20we%20describe%20for%20the%20first%20time%20the%20anti-diabetic%20activity%20of%204HO-Ile%20in%20a%20model%20of%20type%20I%20diabetes%2C%20streptozotocin-treated%20rats%2C%20where%20levels%20of%20insulin%20are%20much%20reduced%2C%20by%2065%25%2C%20compared%20to%20normal%20animals.%20Treatment%20of%20diabetic%20rats%20with%20daily%20doses%20of%204HO-Ile%20at%2050%20mg%5C%2Fkg%5C%2Fday%20for%20four%20weeks%20could%20reduce%20plasma%20glucose%20in%20the%20diabetic%20group.%20Moreover%20the%20high%20levels%20of%20lipids%20%28cholesterol%2C%20HDL%2C%20LDL%20and%20triglycerides%29%20and%20uric%20acid%20in%20the%20diabetic%20rats%2C%20could%20be%20restored%20to%20levels%20found%20in%20non-diabetic%20controls%20by%20the%20treatment%20with%204HO-Ile.%20These%20results%20demonstrate%20that%204HO-Ile%20has%20significant%20anti-diabetic%20activities%20that%20are%20independent%20of%20insulin%20and%20suggest%20the%20potential%20of%204HO-Ile%20as%20an%20adjunct%20to%20diabetes%20treatment%20and%20for%20type%201%20as%20well%20as%20type%202%20diabetes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%2015%2C%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.phymed.2012.01.004%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221618-095X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-27T16%3A37%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GINMIDCJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Basch%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBasch%2C%20E.%2C%20Ulbricht%2C%20C.%2C%20Kuo%2C%20G.%2C%20Szapary%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Smith%2C%20M.%20%282003%29.%20Therapeutic%20applications%20of%20fenugreek.%20%3Ci%3EAlternative%20Medicine%20Review%3A%20A%20Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Therapeutic%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E8%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2020%26%23x2013%3B27.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Therapeutic%20applications%20of%20fenugreek%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ethan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Basch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Catherine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ulbricht%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Grace%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kuo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szapary%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Fenugreek%20has%20a%20long%20history%20of%20medical%20uses%20in%20Ayurvedic%20and%20Chinese%20medicine%2C%20and%20has%20been%20used%20for%20numerous%20indications%2C%20including%20labor%20induction%2C%20aiding%20digestion%2C%20and%20as%20a%20general%20tonic%20to%20improve%20metabolism%20and%20health.%20Preliminary%20animal%20and%20human%20trials%20suggest%20possible%20hypoglycemic%20and%20antihyperlipidemic%20properties%20of%20oral%20fenugreek%20seed%20powder.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202003%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221089-5159%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-27T16%3A36%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HEATXSWC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Paj%5Cu0105k%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-03-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPaj%26%23x105%3Bk%2C%20P.%2C%20Socha%2C%20R.%2C%20Broniek%2C%20J.%2C%20Kr%26%23xF3%3Blikowska%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Fortuna%2C%20T.%20%282019%29.%20Antioxidant%20properties%2C%20phenolic%20and%20mineral%20composition%20of%20germinated%20chia%2C%20golden%20flax%2C%20evening%20primrose%2C%20phacelia%20and%20fenugreek.%20%3Ci%3EFood%20Chemistry%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E275%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2069%26%23x2013%3B76.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.foodchem.2018.09.081%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.foodchem.2018.09.081%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Antioxidant%20properties%2C%20phenolic%20and%20mineral%20composition%20of%20germinated%20chia%2C%20golden%20flax%2C%20evening%20primrose%2C%20phacelia%20and%20fenugreek%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paulina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paj%5Cu0105k%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Socha%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joanna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Broniek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karolina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kr%5Cu00f3likowska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Teresa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fortuna%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Seeds%20and%20sprouts%20are%20of%20considerable%20interest%20due%20to%20their%20numerous%20pro-health%20benefits.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20investigate%20the%20effect%20of%20germination%20on%20the%20mineral%20composition%20%28performed%20by%20flame%20absorption%20atomic%20spectroscopy%29%2C%20total%20phenolic%20content%2C%20antioxidant%20activity%2C%20as%20well%20as%20phenolic%20profiles%20%28before%20and%20after%20alkaline%20hydrolysis%20by%20high-performance%20liquid%20chromatography%29%20of%20chia%2C%20golden%20flax%2C%20evening%20primrose%2C%20phacelia%20and%20fenugreek%20seeds.%20Generally%2C%20significant%20%28p%5Cu202f%3C%5Cu202f0.05%29%20changes%20in%20the%20individual%20minerals%20composition%20of%20the%20seeds%2C%20improvement%20of%20their%20antioxidant%20properties%2C%20as%20well%20as%20increase%20in%20levels%20of%20individual%20phenolic%20compounds%20was%20found%20after%20seeds%20germination.%20Alkaline%20hydrolysis%20allowed%20to%20release%20free%20forms%20of%20phenolics%20and%20to%20confirm%20%28chromatographically%29%20their%20significantly%20higher%20amounts%20when%20compared%20to%20the%20nonhydrolyzed%20fraction.%20Gallic%2C%20protocatechuic%2C%20caffeic%2C%20p-coumaric%2C%20ferulic%20and%20sinapic%20acids%2C%20as%20well%20as%20quercetin%20and%20kaempferol%20were%20identified%20in%20analyzed%20seeds%20and%20sprouts.%20Sprouts%20exhibited%20better%20nutritional%20values%20than%20their%20un-germinated%20forms.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%2001%2C%202019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.foodchem.2018.09.081%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221873-7072%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-27T14%3A06%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KTDLRXLG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gong%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-12-24%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGong%2C%20J.%2C%20Fang%2C%20K.%2C%20Dong%2C%20H.%2C%20Wang%2C%20D.%2C%20Hu%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lu%2C%20F.%20%282016%29.%20Effect%20of%20fenugreek%20on%20hyperglycaemia%20and%20hyperlipidemia%20in%20diabetes%20and%20prediabetes%3A%20A%20meta-analysis.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Ethnopharmacology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E194%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20260%26%23x2013%3B268.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jep.2016.08.003%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jep.2016.08.003%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effect%20of%20fenugreek%20on%20hyperglycaemia%20and%20hyperlipidemia%20in%20diabetes%20and%20prediabetes%3A%20A%20meta-analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jing%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hui%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dingkun%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Meilin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fuer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL%20RELEVANCE%3A%20Fenugreek%20is%20a%20widely%20used%20herb%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20diabetes%20mellitus%20%28DM%29%20but%20the%20effects%20in%20randomized%20controlled%20trials%20%28RCTs%29%20were%20controversial.%20Therefore%2C%20a%20meta-analysis%20was%20conducted%20to%20estimate%20the%20overall%20effects%20of%20fenugreek%20on%20hyperglycaemia%20and%20hyperlipidemia%20in%20diabetes%20and%20prediabetes.%5CnMATERIALS%20AND%20METHODS%3A%20PubMed%2C%20EMBASE%2C%20web%20of%20science%2C%20Chinese%20Biomedical%20Literature%20database%20%28CBM%29%2C%20the%20Cochrane%20library%2C%20China%20Doctor%20Dissertations%20Full-text%20Database%20%28CDFD%29%2C%20Wan%20Fang%20medical%20database%2C%20China%20Proceedings%20of%20Conference%20Full-text%20Database%20%28CPCD%29%2C%20China%20national%20knowledge%20internet%20%28CNKI%29%20and%20China%20Master%27s%20Theses%20Full-text%20Database%20%28CMFD%29%20were%20searched%20to%20find%20the%20available%20literatures.%20RCTs%20with%20regard%20to%20the%20efficacy%20and%20safety%20of%20fenugreek%20on%20prediabetes%20or%20DM%20were%20included.%20The%20data%20of%20fasting%20blood%20glucose%20%28FBG%29%2C%20postprandial%202h%20blood%20glucose%20%282hBG%29%2C%20glycosylated%20hemoglobin%20%28HbA1c%29%2C%20triglyceride%20%28TG%29%2C%20total%20cholesterol%20%28TC%29%2C%20low%20density%20lipoprotein%20cholesterol%20%28LDL-c%29%20and%20high%20density%20lipoprotein%20cholesterol%20%28HDL-c%29%20were%20extracted%20to%20appraise%20the%20net%20change%20with%20fixed%20or%20randomized%20effect%20model.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20A%20total%20of%2010%20articles%20%2812%20studies%29%20were%20included%20in%20the%20analysis.%20Pooled%20results%20showed%20fenugreek%20significantly%20decreased%20the%20levels%20of%20FBG%20%28MD%20-0.84mmol%5C%2FL%3B%2095%25%20CI%20-1.38%20to%20-0.31%3B%20p%3D0.002%29%2C%202hBG%20%28MD%20-1.30mmol%5C%2FL%3B%2095%25%20CI%20-1.78%20to%20-0.83%3B%20p%3C0.0001%29%2C%20HbA1c%20%28MD%20-1.16%3B%2095%25%20CI%20-1.23%20to%20-1.09%3B%20p%3C0.00001%29%20and%20TC%20%28MD%20-0.30mmol%5C%2FL%3B%2095%25%20CI-0.56%20to%20-0.03%3B%20p%3D0.03%29.%20In%20spite%20of%20the%20reductive%20trends%20in%20the%20TG%20or%20LDL-c%20levels%20and%20incremental%20trends%20of%20HDL-c%2C%20these%20results%20were%20not%20statistically%20significant%20or%20need%20further%20verification%20for%20fenugreek%20in%20the%20treatment%20of%20DM%20and%20prediabetes.%20Some%20studies%20were%20of%20low%20quality.%20No%20liver%20and%20kidney%20toxicity%20were%20found%20in%20all%20included%20studies%2C%20and%20the%20main%20side%20effects%20were%20gastrointestinal%20discomfort.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20The%20results%20suggest%20fenugreek%20has%20the%20hypoglycaemic%20and%20TC-lowering%20efficacy%3B%20however%2C%20the%20effects%20on%20TG%2C%20LDL-c%20and%20HDL-c%20need%20further%20confirmations.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%2024%2C%202016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jep.2016.08.003%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221872-7573%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-27T14%3A04%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NGV735QT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Paj%5Cu0105k%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-03-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPaj%26%23x105%3Bk%2C%20P.%2C%20Socha%2C%20R.%2C%20Broniek%2C%20J.%2C%20Kr%26%23xF3%3Blikowska%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Fortuna%2C%20T.%20%282019%29.%20Antioxidant%20properties%2C%20phenolic%20and%20mineral%20composition%20of%20germinated%20chia%2C%20golden%20flax%2C%20evening%20primrose%2C%20phacelia%20and%20fenugreek.%20%3Ci%3EFood%20Chemistry%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E275%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2069%26%23x2013%3B76.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.foodchem.2018.09.081%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.foodchem.2018.09.081%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Antioxidant%20properties%2C%20phenolic%20and%20mineral%20composition%20of%20germinated%20chia%2C%20golden%20flax%2C%20evening%20primrose%2C%20phacelia%20and%20fenugreek%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paulina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paj%5Cu0105k%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Socha%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joanna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Broniek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karolina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kr%5Cu00f3likowska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Teresa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fortuna%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Seeds%20and%20sprouts%20are%20of%20considerable%20interest%20due%20to%20their%20numerous%20pro-health%20benefits.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20investigate%20the%20effect%20of%20germination%20on%20the%20mineral%20composition%20%28performed%20by%20flame%20absorption%20atomic%20spectroscopy%29%2C%20total%20phenolic%20content%2C%20antioxidant%20activity%2C%20as%20well%20as%20phenolic%20profiles%20%28before%20and%20after%20alkaline%20hydrolysis%20by%20high-performance%20liquid%20chromatography%29%20of%20chia%2C%20golden%20flax%2C%20evening%20primrose%2C%20phacelia%20and%20fenugreek%20seeds.%20Generally%2C%20significant%20%28p%5Cu202f%3C%5Cu202f0.05%29%20changes%20in%20the%20individual%20minerals%20composition%20of%20the%20seeds%2C%20improvement%20of%20their%20antioxidant%20properties%2C%20as%20well%20as%20increase%20in%20levels%20of%20individual%20phenolic%20compounds%20was%20found%20after%20seeds%20germination.%20Alkaline%20hydrolysis%20allowed%20to%20release%20free%20forms%20of%20phenolics%20and%20to%20confirm%20%28chromatographically%29%20their%20significantly%20higher%20amounts%20when%20compared%20to%20the%20nonhydrolyzed%20fraction.%20Gallic%2C%20protocatechuic%2C%20caffeic%2C%20p-coumaric%2C%20ferulic%20and%20sinapic%20acids%2C%20as%20well%20as%20quercetin%20and%20kaempferol%20were%20identified%20in%20analyzed%20seeds%20and%20sprouts.%20Sprouts%20exhibited%20better%20nutritional%20values%20than%20their%20un-germinated%20forms.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%2001%2C%202019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.foodchem.2018.09.081%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221873-7072%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-26T16%3A17%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HVBM8UD7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nagulapalli%20Venkata%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENagulapalli%20Venkata%2C%20K.%20C.%2C%20Swaroop%2C%20A.%2C%20Bagchi%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bishayee%2C%20A.%20%282017%29.%20A%20small%20plant%20with%20big%20benefits%3A%20Fenugreek%20%28Trigonella%20foenum-graecum%20Linn.%29%20for%20disease%20prevention%20and%20health%20promotion.%20%3Ci%3EMolecular%20Nutrition%20%26amp%3B%20Food%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E61%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fmnfr.201600950%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fmnfr.201600950%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20small%20plant%20with%20big%20benefits%3A%20Fenugreek%20%28Trigonella%20foenum-graecum%20Linn.%29%20for%20disease%20prevention%20and%20health%20promotion%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kalyan%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nagulapalli%20Venkata%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swaroop%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Debasis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bagchi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anupam%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bishayee%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Plant-derived%20natural%20products%20have%20long-standing%20utility%20toward%20treating%20degenerative%20diseases.%20It%20is%20estimated%20that%20about%20two-thirds%20of%20world%20population%20depend%20on%20traditional%20medicine%20for%20primary%20medical%20needs.%20Fenugreek%20%28Trigonella%20foenum-graecum%20Linn.%29%2C%20a%20short-living%20annual%20medicinal%20plant%20belonging%20to%20Fabaceae%20family%2C%20is%20used%20extensively%20in%20various%20parts%20of%20the%20world%20as%20herb%2C%20food%2C%20spice%2C%20and%20traditional%20medicine.%20Fenugreek%20is%20considered%20as%20one%20of%20the%20oldest%20medicinal%20plants%20and%20its%20health-promoting%20effects%20have%20been%20cited%20in%20Ayurveda%20and%20traditional%20Chinese%20medicine.%20The%20investigations%20into%20the%20chemical%20composition%20and%20pharmacological%20actions%20have%20seen%20a%20renaissance%20in%20recent%20years.%20Extensive%20preclinical%20and%20clinical%20research%20have%20outlined%20the%20pharmaceutical%20uses%20of%20fenugreek%20as%20antidiabetic%2C%20antihyperlipidemic%2C%20antiobesity%2C%20anticancer%2C%20anti-inflammatory%2C%20antioxidant%2C%20antifungal%2C%20antibacterial%2C%20galactogogue%20and%20for%20miscellaneous%20pharmacological%20effects%2C%20including%20improving%20women%27s%20health.%20The%20pharmacological%20actions%20of%20fenugreek%20are%20attributed%20to%20diverse%20array%20of%20phytoconstituents.%20The%20phytochemical%20analysis%20reveals%20the%20presence%20of%20steroids%2C%20alkaloids%2C%20saponins%2C%20polyphenols%2C%20flavonoids%2C%20lipids%2C%20carbohydrates%2C%20amino%20acids%2C%20and%20hydrocarbons.%20This%20review%20aims%20to%20summarize%20and%20critically%20analyze%20the%20current%20available%20literature%20to%20understand%20the%20potential%20of%20fenugreek%20for%20disease%20prevention%20and%20health%20improvement%20with%20special%20emphasis%20on%20cellular%20and%20molecular%20mechanisms.%20Current%20challenges%20and%20new%20directions%20of%20research%20on%20fenugreek%20are%20also%20discussed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2206%202017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fmnfr.201600950%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221613-4133%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-26T15%3A59%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RKV98EDT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Leyva-L%5Cu00f3pez%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-06-14%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELeyva-L%26%23xF3%3Bpez%2C%20N.%2C%20Guti%26%23xE9%3Brrez-Grijalva%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Vazquez-Olivo%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Heredia%2C%20J.%20B.%20%282017%29.%20Essential%20Oils%20of%20Oregano%3A%20Biological%20Activity%20beyond%20Their%20Antimicrobial%20Properties.%20%3Ci%3EMolecules%20%28Basel%2C%20Switzerland%29%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E22%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fmolecules22060989%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fmolecules22060989%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Essential%20Oils%20of%20Oregano%3A%20Biological%20Activity%20beyond%20Their%20Antimicrobial%20Properties%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nayely%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leyva-L%5Cu00f3pez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Erick%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guti%5Cu00e9rrez-Grijalva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gabriela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vazquez-Olivo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20Basilio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heredia%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Essential%20oils%20of%20oregano%20are%20widely%20recognized%20for%20their%20antimicrobial%20activity%2C%20as%20well%20as%20their%20antiviral%20and%20antifungal%20properties.%20Nevertheless%2C%20recent%20investigations%20have%20demonstrated%20that%20these%20compounds%20are%20also%20potent%20antioxidant%2C%20anti-inflammatory%2C%20antidiabetic%20and%20cancer%20suppressor%20agents.%20These%20properties%20of%20oregano%20essential%20oils%20are%20of%20potential%20interest%20to%20the%20food%2C%20cosmetic%20and%20pharmaceutical%20industries.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20manuscript%20is%20to%20review%20the%20latest%20evidence%20regarding%20essential%20oils%20of%20oregano%20and%20their%20beneficial%20effects%20on%20health.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%2014%2C%202017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fmolecules22060989%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221420-3049%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-26T10%3A26%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DSL4F8TV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sakkas%20and%20Papadopoulou%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-03-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESakkas%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Papadopoulou%2C%20C.%20%282017%29.%20Antimicrobial%20Activity%20of%20Basil%2C%20Oregano%2C%20and%20Thyme%20Essential%20Oils.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Microbiology%20and%20Biotechnology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E27%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20429%26%23x2013%3B438.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.4014%5C%2Fjmb.1608.08024%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.4014%5C%2Fjmb.1608.08024%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Antimicrobial%20Activity%20of%20Basil%2C%20Oregano%2C%20and%20Thyme%20Essential%20Oils%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hercules%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sakkas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chrissanthy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Papadopoulou%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22For%20centuries%2C%20plants%20have%20been%20used%20for%20a%20wide%20variety%20of%20purposes%2C%20from%20treating%20infectious%20diseases%20to%20food%20preservation%20and%20perfume%20production.%20Presently%2C%20the%20increasing%20resistance%20of%20microorganisms%20to%20currently%20used%20antimicrobials%20in%20combination%20with%20the%20appearance%20of%20emerging%20diseases%20requires%20the%20urgent%20development%20of%20new%2C%20more%20effective%20drugs.%20Plants%2C%20due%20to%20the%20large%20biological%20and%20structural%20diversity%20of%20their%20components%2C%20constitute%20a%20unique%20and%20renewable%20source%20for%20the%20discovery%20of%20new%20antibacterial%2C%20antifungal%2C%20and%20antiparasitic%20compounds.%20In%20the%20present%20paper%2C%20the%20history%2C%20composition%2C%20and%20antimicrobial%20activities%20of%20the%20basil%2C%20oregano%2C%20and%20thyme%20essential%20oils%20are%20reviewed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%2028%2C%202017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.4014%5C%2Fjmb.1608.08024%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221738-8872%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-26T10%3A24%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222XPKCFT4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rodriguez-Garcia%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-07-26%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERodriguez-Garcia%2C%20I.%2C%20Silva-Espinoza%2C%20B.%20A.%2C%20Ortega-Ramirez%2C%20L.%20A.%2C%20Leyva%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Siddiqui%2C%20M.%20W.%2C%20Cruz-Valenzuela%2C%20M.%20R.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Ayala-Zavala%2C%20J.%20F.%20%282016%29.%20Oregano%20Essential%20Oil%20as%20an%20Antimicrobial%20and%20Antioxidant%20Additive%20in%20Food%20Products.%20%3Ci%3ECritical%20Reviews%20in%20Food%20Science%20and%20Nutrition%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E56%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2810%29%2C%201717%26%23x2013%3B1727.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10408398.2013.800832%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10408398.2013.800832%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Oregano%20Essential%20Oil%20as%20an%20Antimicrobial%20and%20Antioxidant%20Additive%20in%20Food%20Products%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rodriguez-Garcia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Silva-Espinoza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ortega-Ramirez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leyva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siddiqui%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cruz-Valenzuela%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gonzalez-Aguilar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ayala-Zavala%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Food%20consumers%20and%20industries%20urged%20the%20need%20of%20natural%20alternatives%20to%20assure%20food%20safety%20and%20quality.%20As%20a%20response%2C%20the%20use%20of%20natural%20compounds%20from%20herbs%20and%20spices%20is%20an%20alternative%20to%20synthetic%20additives%20associated%20with%20toxic%20problems.%20This%20review%20discusses%20the%20antimicrobial%20and%20antioxidant%20activity%20of%20oregano%20essential%20oil%20%28OEO%29%20and%20its%20potential%20as%20a%20food%20additive.%20Oregano%20is%20a%20plant%20that%20has%20been%20used%20as%20a%20food%20seasoning%20since%20ancient%20times.%20The%20common%20name%20of%20oregano%20is%20given%20to%20several%20species%3A%20Origanum%20%28family%3A%20Lamiaceae%29%20and%20Lippia%20%28family%3A%20Verbenaceae%29%2C%20amongst%20others.%20The%20main%20compounds%20identified%20in%20the%20different%20OEOs%20are%20carvacrol%20and%20thymol%2C%20which%20are%20responsible%20for%20the%20characteristic%20odor%2C%20antimicrobial%2C%20and%20antioxidant%20activity%3B%20however%2C%20their%20content%20may%20vary%20according%20to%20the%20species%2C%20harvesting%20season%2C%20and%20geographical%20sources.%20These%20substances%20as%20antibacterial%20agents%20make%20the%20cell%20membrane%20permeable%20due%20to%20its%20impregnation%20in%20the%20hydrophobic%20domains%2C%20this%20effect%20is%20higher%20against%20gram%20positive%20bacteria.%20In%20addition%2C%20the%20OEO%20has%20antioxidant%20properties%20effective%20in%20retarding%20the%20process%20of%20lipid%20peroxidation%20in%20fatty%20foods%2C%20and%20scavenging%20free%20radicals.%20In%20this%20perspective%2C%20the%20present%20review%20analyzes%20and%20discusses%20the%20state%20of%20the%20art%20about%20the%20actual%20and%20potential%20uses%20of%20OEO%20as%20an%20antimicrobial%20and%20antioxidant%20food%20additives.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%2026%2C%202016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10408398.2013.800832%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221549-7852%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-26T10%3A20%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2264TTUSRF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Pleschka%20S.%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPleschka%20S.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Testing%20of%20the%20antiviral%20activity%20of%20ANGOCIN%26%23xAE%3B%20Anti-Infekt-N%20mixture%20on%20influenza%20virus%20A%5C%2FHamburg%5C%2F01%5C%2F09%20%28H1N1v%29%20replication%20on%20MDCK-II-cells%20and%20A549-cells%20via%20Focus-and%20HA-Assay%3B%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22document%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Testing%20of%20the%20antiviral%20activity%20of%20ANGOCIN%5Cu00ae%20Anti-Infekt-N%20mixture%20on%20influenza%20virus%20A%5C%2FHamburg%5C%2F01%5C%2F09%20%28H1N1v%29%20replication%20on%20MDCK-II-cells%20and%20A549-cells%20via%20Focus-and%20HA-Assay%3B%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Pleschka%20S.%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Synergistische%20Effekte%20auch%20f%5Cu00fcr%20antivirale%20Wirkung%20belegt%20%5CnNeben%20der%20umfassend%20belegten%20antibakteriellen%20Effektivit%5Cu00e4t%20liegen%20f%5Cu00fcr%20den%20Nachweis%20des%20antientz%5Cu00fcndlichen%5B10-18%5D%20und%20antiviralen%5B19-21%5D%20Potenzials%20der%20in%20Meerrettich%20und%20Kapuzinerkresse%20enthaltenen%20Senf%5Cu00f6le%20ebenfalls%20zahlreiche%20Forschungsarbeiten%20vor.%20Interessanterweise%20bewirkt%20die%20Kombination%20der%20beiden%20Heilpflanzen%20auch%20hinsichtlich%20der%20antiviralen%20Wirkung%20synergistische%20Effekte%2C%20das%20hei%5Cu00dft%20die%20kombinierten%20Senf%5Cu00f6le%20vervielf%5Cu00e4ltigen%20sich%20in%20ihrer%20Wirkung%20gegenseitig.%20So%20konnte%20ein%20Forscherteam%20der%20Universit%5Cu00e4t%20Gie%5Cu00dfen%20durch%20die%20Kombination%20der%20in%20den%20beiden%20Pflanzen%20enthaltenen%20Senf%5Cu00f6le%20eine%20deutlich%20h%5Cu00f6here%20antivirale%20Wirkung%20gegen%20das%20Grippevirus%20H1N1%20feststellen%2C%20als%20bei%20der%20Nutzung%20der%20einzelnen%20Senf%5Cu00f6le%2C%20die%20die%20Wissenschaftler%20zuvor%20untersucht%20hatten%5B19%5D.%20Wie%20bei%20den%20Untersuchungen%20zur%20antibakteriellen%20Effektivit%5Cu00e4t%20zeigte%20sich%20demzufolge%20auch%20hinsichtlich%20der%20Wirkung%20der%20Senf%5Cu00f6le%20gegen%20Viren%2C%20dass%20erst%20durch%20die%20Kombination%20der%20beiden%20Pflanzen%20und%20in%20ihnen%20enthaltenen%20Senf%5Cu00f6le%20ein%20besonders%20gro%5Cu00dfes%20Erregerspektrum%20erreicht%20wird.%20%5Cn%5Cn%5Cu201eDie%20Kombination%20von%20Kapuzinerkresse%20und%20Meerrettich%20bietet%20ein%20einzigartiges%20Spektrum%20an%20arzneilich%20wirksamen%20Substanzen.%20Die%20Inhaltsstoffe%20des%20pflanzlichen%20Medikaments%20greifen%20an%20verschiedenen%20Punkten%20im%20Krankheitsgeschehen%20an%20und%20verst%5Cu00e4rken%20sich%20teilweise%20sogar%20gegenseitig%20in%20ihrer%20Wirkung%5C%22%2C%20erl%5Cu00e4utert%20Frank.%20%5Cu201eDas%20vielf%5Cu00e4ltige%20Wirkungsprofil%20der%20beiden%20Arzneipflanzen%20erkl%5Cu00e4rt%20ihren%20erfolgreichen%20Einsatz%20bei%20Blasenentz%5Cu00fcndungen%20und%20Erk%5Cu00e4ltungskrankheiten%5C%22%2C%20so%20der%20Mikrobiologe%20weiter.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-18T19%3A32%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PJHY5EVT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Anne%20Sch%5Cu00fcller%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAnne%20Sch%26%23xFC%3Bller.%20%282017%29.%20%3Ci%3EUntersuchungen%20zur%20antibakteriellen%20Wirkung%20eines%20senf%26%23xF6%3Blhaltigen%20Pflanzenpr%26%23xE4%3Bparates%20%28Angocin%26%23xAE%3B%20Anti-Infekt%20N%29%20auf%20mundpathogene%20Keime%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Albert-Ludwigs-Universit%26%23xE4%3Bt%20Freiburg%20im%20Breisgau%2C%20Freiburg.%20Retrieved%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ffreidok.uni-freiburg.de%5C%2Ffedora%5C%2Fobjects%5C%2Ffreidok%3A11613%5C%2Fdatastreams%5C%2FFILE1%5C%2Fcontent%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ffreidok.uni-freiburg.de%5C%2Ffedora%5C%2Fobjects%5C%2Ffreidok%3A11613%5C%2Fdatastreams%5C%2FFILE1%5C%2Fcontent%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Untersuchungen%20zur%20antibakteriellen%20Wirkung%20eines%20senf%5Cu00f6lhaltigen%20Pflanzenpr%5Cu00e4parates%20%28Angocin%5Cu00ae%20Anti-Infekt%20N%29%20auf%20mundpathogene%20Keime%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Anne%20Sch%5Cu00fcller%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Die%20Kapuzinerkresse%20%28Tropaeoli%20majoris%20herba%29%20wurde%20im%20Jahre%202013%20zur%5CnArzneipflanze%20des%20Jahres%20gew%5Cu00e4hlt.%20Damit%20wird%20deutlich%2C%20dass%20es%20sich%20nicht%20nur%5Cnum%20eine%20essbare%20und%20gelb-rot%20bl%5Cu00fchende%20Pflanze%20handelt%2C%20sondern%20ihr%20weitere%5Cnheilende%20Eigenschaften%20zugeschrieben%20werden.%20Meerrettich%20%28Armoraciae%5Cnrusticae%20radix%29%20ist%20eine%20Pflanze%2C%20deren%20Wurzel%20nicht%20nur%20als%20Gem%5Cu00fcse%2C%20sondern%5Cnauch%20in%20der%20Pflanzenheilkunde%20verwendet%20wird.%5CnAbbildung%201%3A%20Kapuzinerkresse%20und%20Meerrettich%5Cn%28Quelle%3A%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%5C%2Fwikipedia%5C%2Fcommons%5C%2F9%5C%2F9a%5C%2FNsr-slika-189.png%5CnQuelle%3A%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fde.wikipedia.org%5C%2Fwiki%5C%2FKapuzinerkressen%23%5C%2Fmedia%5C%2FFile%3ATropaeolum_minus2.jpg%29%5CnDa%20diese%20beiden%20Pflanzen%20nat%5Cu00fcrliche%20Antibiotika%20enthalten%2C%20bilden%20sie%20die%5CnGrundlage%20in%20einigen%20pflanzlichen%20Medikamenten%20%28Repha%20GmbH%2C%202007%29%2C%20wie%5Cnin%20Angocin%5Cu00ae.%20Die%20bereits%20bestehenden%20Daten%20zur%20Wirkung%20von%20Angocin%5Cu00ae%20Anti-%5CnInfekt%20N%20belegen%20die%20Wirksamkeit%20dieses%20Medikamentes%20im%20Bereich%20grampositiver%5CnBakterien.%20Beispielsweise%20beschrieb%20Halbeisen%20%281954%29%20bereits%2C%20dass%5CnKapuzinerkresse%20gut%20wirksam%20gegen%20gram-positive%20Bakterien%2C%20wie%20E.%20coli%2C%5CnEnterokokken%20und%20Staph.%20aureus%2C%20ist.%5CnNeuere%20Forschungen%20zeigten%2C%20dass%20Angocin%5Cu00ae%20Anti-Infekt%20N%20%28Fa.%20Repha%5CnBiologische%20Arzneimittel%2C%20Langehagen%29%20als%20Therapeutikum%20bei%20akuter%5CnSinusitis%2C%20akuter%20Bronchitis%20und%20akuter%20Blasenentz%5Cu00fcndung%20gute%20Wirksamkeit%5CnEinleitung%209%5Cnerzielt%20%28Goos%20K.H.%2C%20Albrecht%20U.%2C%20Schneider%20B.%2C%202006%29.%20Neben%20dem%20bekannten%5CnEinsatz%20als%20Mund-%20und%20Rachentherapeutikum%20sowie%20bei%5CnHarnwegsentz%5Cu00fcndungen%2C%20soll%20im%20Rahmen%20dieses%20Forschungsprojektes%5Cngezeigt%20werden%2C%20dass%20der%20Einsatz%20%5Cu00fcber%20den%20Bereich%20der%20bisher%20getesteten%5CnKeime%20hinaus%20auch%20wirksam%20ist%20um%20somit%20die%20Wirkung%20von%20Angocin%5Cu00ae%20Anti-%5CnInfekt%20N%20auf%20ein%20gr%5Cu00f6%5Cu00dferes%20bakterielles%20Spektrum%20erweitern%20zu%20k%5Cu00f6nnen.%5CnZielsetzung%20dieser%20Doktorarbeit%20war%20daher%2C%20relevante%20pathogene%20Keime%20des%5CnMundbereiches%20wie%20u.%20a.%20Porphyromonas%20gingivalis%20und%20Prevotella%20intermedia%5Cnauf%20die%20antibakterielle%20Wirksamkeit%20von%20Angocin%5Cu00ae%20Anti-Infekt%20N%20zu%20testen.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22Albert-Ludwigs-Universit%5Cu00e4t%20Freiburg%20im%20Breisgau%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22Deutsch%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ffreidok.uni-freiburg.de%5C%2Ffedora%5C%2Fobjects%5C%2Ffreidok%3A11613%5C%2Fdatastreams%5C%2FFILE1%5C%2Fcontent%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-18T19%3A12%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VEAK6MGA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Story%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221984-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EStory%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20LePage%2C%20S.%20L.%2C%20Petro%2C%20M.%20S.%2C%20West%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Cassidy%2C%20M.%20M.%2C%20Lightfoot%2C%20F.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Vahouny%2C%20G.%20V.%20%281984%29.%20Interactions%20of%20alfalfa%20plant%20and%20sprout%20saponins%20with%20cholesterol%20in%20vitro%20and%20in%20cholesterol-fed%20rats.%20%3Ci%3EThe%20American%20Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Nutrition%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E39%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20917%26%23x2013%3B929.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fajcn%5C%2F39.6.917%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fajcn%5C%2F39.6.917%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Interactions%20of%20alfalfa%20plant%20and%20sprout%20saponins%20with%20cholesterol%20in%20vitro%20and%20in%20cholesterol-fed%20rats%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Story%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22LePage%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22West%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cassidy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lightfoot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vahouny%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20in%20vitro%20interactions%20of%20saponins%20from%20alfalfa%20plant%20and%20alfalfa%20sprouts%20with%20cholesterol%20and%20the%20effects%20of%20alfalfa%20plant%20and%20sprout%20and%20saponin-free%20alfalfa%20plant%20on%20diet-induced%20liver%20cholesterol%20accumulation%2C%20bile%20acid%20excretion%2C%20and%20jejunal%20and%20colonic%20morphology%20were%20examined.%20Cholesterol-saponin%20interactions%20have%20been%20suggested%20as%20mechanisms%20for%20the%20observed%20hypocholesterolemic%20effects%20of%20alfalfa%20as%20well%20as%20the%20changes%20in%20intestinal%20morphology.%20Alfalfa%20plant%20saponins%20bound%20significant%20quantities%20of%20cholesterol%20both%20from%20ethanol%20solution%20and%20from%20micellar%20suspension.%20Alfalfa%20sprout%20saponins%20interacted%20with%20cholesterol%20to%20a%20lesser%20but%20significant%20extent.%20Sprout%20saponins%20also%20inhibited%20growth%20of%20Trichoderma%20viride%20significantly%2C%20another%20measure%20of%20saponin-cholesterol%20interaction.%20Bile%20acid%20adsorption%20was%20greatest%20for%20alfalfa%20plant%20and%20was%20not%20reduced%20by%20removal%20of%20saponins%20from%20the%20plant%20material.%20The%20ability%20of%20alfalfa%20to%20reduce%20liver%20cholesterol%20accumulation%20in%20cholesterol-fed%20rats%20was%20enhanced%20by%20removal%20of%20saponins%20and%20alfalfa%20sprouts%20did%20not%20prevent%20accumulation.%20Removal%20of%20saponins%20from%20alfalfa%20reduced%20the%20changes%20in%20intestinal%20morphology%20previously%20reported%2C%20but%20interaction%20with%20membrane%20cholesterol%20did%20not%20appear%20to%20be%20the%20cause%20of%20this%20effect%20of%20saponins.%20Saponin-cholesterol%20interaction%20is%20an%20important%20part%20of%20the%20hypocholesterolemic%20action%20of%20alfalfa%20but%20interaction%20of%20bile%20acids%20with%20other%20components%20of%20alfalfa%20may%20be%20of%20equal%20importance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%201984%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fajcn%5C%2F39.6.917%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220002-9165%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-18T18%3A58%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WJMQTZ8A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22%5Cu017divil%5Cu0117%2C%20TARASEVI%5Cu010cIEN%5Cu0116%20et%20al.%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%26%23x17D%3Bivil%26%23x117%3B%2C%20TARASEVI%26%23x10C%3BIEN%26%23x116%3B%2C%20Honorata%2C%20DANIL%26%23x10C%3BENKO%2C%20Elvyra%2C%20JARIEN%26%23x116%3B%2C%20Aurelija%2C%20PAULAUSKIEN%26%23x116%3B%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Marek%20GAJEWSKI.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Changes%20in%20Some%20Chemical%20Components%20During%20Germination%20of%20Broccoli%20Seeds.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22document%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Changes%20in%20Some%20Chemical%20Components%20During%20Germination%20of%20Broccoli%20Seeds%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%5Cu017divil%5Cu0117%2C%20TARASEVI%5Cu010cIEN%5Cu0116%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Honorata%2C%20DANIL%5Cu010cENKO%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Elvyra%2C%20JARIEN%5Cu0116%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Aurelija%2C%20PAULAUSKIEN%5Cu0116%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Marek%20GAJEWSKI%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Seeds%20germination%20to%20obtain%20sprouts%20is%20a%20technological%20method%20used%20for%20many%20years.%20During%20this%20biological%20process%20metabolic%20enzymes%20are%20activated%20and%20utilization%20or%20synthesis%20of%20wide%20range%20of%20chemical%20compounds%20occurs%20in%20seeds.%20Cruciferous%20plants%20seeds%20are%20especially%20valuable%20for%20this%20purpose%20because%20of%20glucosinolates%20abundance%2C%20the%20amount%20of%20which%20during%20germination%20even%20increases.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20determine%20the%20influence%20of%20germination%20process%20of%20broccoli%20%28Brassica%20oleracea%20L.%20var.%20botrytis%20Plenck%29%20seeds%20on%20their%20chemical%20composition%20related%20to%20nutritional%20value%2C%20including%20amino%20acids%20content.%20The%20seeds%20were%20germinated%20for%2024%2C%2072%20and%20120%20h%20in%20the%20dark%2C%20at%20temperature%20of%2025%5Cu00b0C.%20The%20biggest%20changes%20in%20chemical%20composition%20were%20observed%20after%2072%20h%20of%20germination.%20During%20this%20process%20the%20amount%20of%20crude%20proteins%20increased%2C%20as%20well%20as%20amino%20acids%20content.%20Total%20amount%20of%20conjugated%20amino%20acids%20in%20non-germinated%20broccoli%20seeds%20was%20on%20the%20level%20of%20181%20g%20kg-1%20dm%20and%20increased%20after%2072%20h%20of%20germination%20to%20217%20g%20kg-1%20dm%2C%20while%20sudden%20decrease%20was%20observed%20after%20120%20h%20of%20germination%2C%20to%20the%20level%20of%20177%20g%20kg-1%20dm.%20Prevailing%20essential%20amino%20acids%20in%20non-germinated%20and%20germinated%20seeds%20were%20leucine%20and%20arginine%2C%20while%20non-essential%20%5Cu2013%20glutamic%20acid.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-18T18%3A58%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VRVLMAF7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hong%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHong%2C%20Y.%20H.%2C%20Huang%2C%20C.%20J.%2C%20Wang%2C%20S.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lin%2C%20B.%20F.%20%282009%29.%20The%20ethyl%20acetate%20extract%20of%20alfalfa%20sprout%20ameliorates%20disease%20severity%20of%20autoimmune-prone%20MRL-lpr%5C%2Flpr%20mice.%20%3Ci%3ELupus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E18%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20206%26%23x2013%3B215.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0961203308095450%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0961203308095450%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20ethyl%20acetate%20extract%20of%20alfalfa%20sprout%20ameliorates%20disease%20severity%20of%20autoimmune-prone%20MRL-lpr%5C%2Flpr%20mice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Previous%20study%20showed%20that%20soy%20isoflavone%20supplement%20alleviates%20disease%20severity%20in%20autoimmune-prone%20mice.%20As%20the%20ethyl%20acetate%20extract%20of%20alfalfa%20sprout%20%28AS%29%20has%20selective%20oestrogenic%20and%20anti-inflammatory%20activity%2C%20this%20study%20evaluated%20the%20effects%20of%20alfalfa%20sprout%20ethyl%20acetate%20extract%20%28ASEA%29%20on%20disease%20severity%20of%20systemic%20lupus%20erythematosus%2C%20using%20autoimmune-prone%20female%20MRL-lpr%5C%2Flpr%20mice.%20In%20Experiment%201%2C%20five%20groups%20of%2012-week-old%20female%20mice%20were%20per%20oral%20treated%20with%20vehicle%20%28control%29%2C%20lyophilized%20AS%20%28550%20mg%20wt%5C%2Fkg%20BW%29%2C%20ASEA%20%28ASEA%2C%2025%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20BW%29%2C%20coumestrol%20%28CUM%2C%200.075%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20BW%29%20and%20tamoxifen%20%28TAM%2C%200.375%20mg%5C%2Fkg%20BW%29%20as%20the%20positive%20control.%20The%20onset%20of%20proteinuria%20was%20delayed%2C%20and%20the%20life%20span%20was%20significantly%20longer%20in%20the%20ASEA%20and%20TAM%20groups%20but%20neither%20in%20the%20AS%20nor%20in%20the%20CUM%20groups%2C%20compared%20to%20the%20control.%20To%20examine%20the%20changes%20in%20the%20immunological%20parameters%20related%20to%20disease%20process%2C%20three%20more%20groups%20of%20MRL-lpr%5C%2Flpr%20female%20mice%20%28control%2C%20ASEA%20and%20TAM%29%20were%20fed%20in%20a%20similar%20manner%20for%206%20weeks%20in%20the%20Experiment%202.%20Flow%20cytometric%20analysis%20of%20splenocytes%20showed%20a%20significantly%20lower%20percentage%20of%20activated%20T%20cells%20in%20the%20ASEA%20and%20TAM%20groups.%20The%20ex-vivo%20interferon-gamma%20and%20interleukin%20%28IL%29-4%20production%20from%20splenocytes%20and%20tumour%20necrosis%20factor-alpha%20and%20IL-1beta%20production%20from%20peritoneal%20exudate%20cells%20were%20also%20significantly%20lower%20in%20the%20ASEA%20group%20compared%20with%20the%20control.%20The%20ASEA%20group%20also%20had%20less%20severe%20glomerulonephritis.%20Thus%2C%20ASEA%20attenuated%20cytokine%20and%20inflammatory%20responses%20of%20self-reactive%20lymphocytes%2C%20decreased%20the%20disease%20severity%2C%20increased%20survival%20and%20life%20span%20of%20the%20autoimmune-prone%20MRL-lpr%5C%2Flpr%20mice%2C%20suggesting%20a%20potential%20of%20ASEA%20in%20the%20treatment%20of%20autoimmune%20diseases.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F0961203308095450%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220961-2033%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-18T18%3A58%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KSH22CTH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Beaver%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBeaver%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20L%26%23x4E7%3Bhr%2C%20C.%20V.%2C%20Clarke%2C%20J.%20D.%2C%20Glasser%2C%20S.%20T.%2C%20Watson%2C%20G.%20W.%2C%20Wong%2C%20C.%20P.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Ho%2C%20E.%20%282018%29.%20Broccoli%20Sprouts%20Delay%20Prostate%20Cancer%20Formation%20and%20Decrease%20Prostate%20Cancer%20Severity%20with%20a%20Concurrent%20Decrease%20in%20HDAC3%20Protein%20Expression%20in%20Transgenic%20Adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20Mouse%20Prostate%20%28TRAMP%29%20Mice.%20%3Ci%3ECurrent%20Developments%20in%20Nutrition%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E2%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20nzy002.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fcdn%5C%2Fnzy002%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fcdn%5C%2Fnzy002%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Broccoli%20Sprouts%20Delay%20Prostate%20Cancer%20Formation%20and%20Decrease%20Prostate%20Cancer%20Severity%20with%20a%20Concurrent%20Decrease%20in%20HDAC3%20Protein%20Expression%20in%20Transgenic%20Adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20Mouse%20Prostate%20%28TRAMP%29%20Mice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beaver%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christiane%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22L%5Cu04e7hr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clarke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Glasser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Greg%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carmen%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhenzhen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williams%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Roderick%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dashwood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jackilen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shannon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thuillier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ho%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%3A%20Cruciferous%20vegetables%20have%20been%20associated%20with%20the%20chemoprevention%20of%20cancer.%20Epigenetic%20regulators%20have%20been%20identified%20as%20important%20targets%20for%20prostate%20cancer%20chemoprevention.%20Treatment%20of%20human%20prostate%20cancer%20cells%20with%20sulforaphane%20%28SFN%29%2C%20a%20chemical%20from%20broccoli%20and%20broccoli%20sprouts%2C%20inhibits%20epigenetic%20regulators%20such%20as%20histone%20deacetylase%20%28HDAC%29%20enzymes%2C%20but%20it%20is%20not%20known%20whether%20consumption%20of%20a%20diet%20high%20in%20broccoli%20sprouts%20impacts%20epigenetic%20mechanisms%20in%20an%20in%20vivo%20model%20of%20prostate%20cancer.%5CnObjective%3A%20In%20the%20transgenic%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20mouse%20prostate%20%28TRAMP%29%20model%2C%20we%20tested%20the%20hypothesis%20that%20a%20broccoli%20sprout%20diet%20suppresses%20prostate%20cancer%2C%20inhibits%20HDAC%20expression%2C%20alters%20histone%20modifications%2C%20and%20changes%20the%20expression%20of%20genes%20regulated%20by%20HDACs.%5CnMethods%3A%20TRAMP%20mice%20were%20fed%20a%2015%25%20broccoli%20sprout%20or%20control%20AIN93G%20diet%3B%20tissue%20samples%20were%20collected%20at%2012%20and%2028%20wk%20of%20age.%5CnResults%3A%20Mice%20fed%20broccoli%20sprouts%20had%20detectable%20amounts%20of%20SFN%20metabolites%20in%20liver%2C%20kidney%2C%20colon%2C%20and%20prostate%20tissues.%20Broccoli%20sprouts%20reduced%20prostate%20cancer%20incidence%20and%20progression%20to%20invasive%20cancer%20by%2011-%20and%202.4-fold%20at%2012%20and%2028%20wk%20of%20age%2C%20respectively.%20There%20was%20a%20significant%20decline%20in%20HDAC3%20protein%20expression%20in%20the%20epithelial%20cells%20of%20prostate%20ventral%20and%20anterior%20lobes%20at%20age%2012%20wk.%20Broccoli%20sprout%20consumption%20also%20decreased%20histone%20H3%20lysine%209%20trimethylation%20in%20the%20ventral%20lobe%20%28age%2012%20wk%29%2C%20and%20decreased%20histone%20H3%20lysine%2018%20acetylation%20in%20all%20prostate%20lobes%20%28age%2028%20wk%29.%20A%20decline%20in%20p16%20mRNA%20levels%2C%20a%20gene%20regulated%20by%20HDAC3%2C%20was%20associated%20with%20broccoli%20sprout%20consumption%2C%20but%20no%20significant%20changes%20were%20noted%20at%20the%20protein%20level.%5CnConclusions%3A%20Broccoli%20sprout%20intake%20was%20associated%20with%20a%20decline%20in%20prostate%20cancer%20occurrence%20and%20HDAC3%20protein%20expression%20in%20the%20prostate%2C%20extending%20prior%20work%20that%20implicated%20loss%20of%20HDAC3%5C%2F%20corepressor%20interactions%20as%20a%20key%20preventive%20mechanism%20by%20SFN%20in%20vivo.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%202018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fcdn%5C%2Fnzy002%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222475-2991%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-18T18%3A58%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225DZ4M5UT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Ci%3EChristoph%20Maria%20Herbst%20liest%20T.%20Colin%20Campbell%26%23x202F%3B%3B%20Thomas%20M.%20Campbell%2C%20China%20study%20die%20wissenschaftliche%20Begr%26%23xFC%3Bndung%20f%26%23xFC%3Br%20eine%20vegane%20Ern%26%23xE4%3Bhrungsweise%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%282013%29.%20Berlin%3A%20Argon-Verl.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22audioRecording%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Christoph%20Maria%20Herbst%20liest%20T.%20Colin%20Campbell%20%3B%20Thomas%20M.%20Campbell%2C%20China%20study%20die%20wissenschaftliche%20Begr%5Cu00fcndung%20f%5Cu00fcr%20eine%20vegane%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrungsweise%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22composer%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20Colin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22composer%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22composer%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christoph%20Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Herbst%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22composer%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Michalitsch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22composer%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carlo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00fcnther%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Der%20renommierte%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrungswissenschaftler%20T.%20Colin%20Campbell%20leitete%20die%20China%20Study%20%5Cu2013%20die%20umfassendste%20Studie%20%5Cu00fcber%20Essverhalten%2C%20Gesundheit%20und%20Krankheit%20in%20der%20Geschichte%20der%20biomedizinischen%20Forschung.%20Auf%20Basis%20seiner%2040-j%5Cu00e4hrigen%20Forschungst%5Cu00e4tigkeit%5Cnerkl%5Cu00e4rt%20Campbell%20die%20Zusammenh%5Cu00e4nge%20zwischen%20tiereiwei%5Cu00dfreicherErn%5Cu00e4hrung%20und%20der%20Entstehung%20von%20chronischenKrankheiten.%20Zudem%20gibt%20er%20konkrete%20Ratschl%5Cu00e4ge%2C%20wie%20wir%20durch%20vegane%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrung%20gesundheitliche%20Vorsch%5Cu00e4digungen%20und%20chronische%5CnKrankheiten%20erfolgreich%20bek%5Cu00e4mpfen%20k%5Cu00f6nnen.%22%2C%22audioRecordingFormat%22%3A%22%22%2C%22label%22%3A%22Argon-Verl.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22runningTime%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22German%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-8398-8034-0%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GIMJ2TS8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-18T18%3A57%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FCDYQM2D%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Prof.%20Dr.%20Herr%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-01-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EProf.%20Dr.%20Herr%2C%20I.%20%282019%2C%20January%206%29.%20Brokkoli-Inhaltsstoff%20Sulforaphan%20in%20der%20Krebstherapie%20%5BMedizin%5D.%20Retrieved%20January%206%2C%202020%2C%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de%5C%2Fchirurgische-klinik-zentrum%5C%2Fallgemein-viszeral-und-transplantationschirurgie%5C%2Fforschung%5C%2Fpankreasforschung%5C%2Fsektion-pankreaskarzinomforschung%5C%2Fag-molekulare-onkochirurgie%5C%2Fpatienteninformationen%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de%5C%2Fchirurgische-klinik-zentrum%5C%2Fallgemein-viszeral-und-transplantationschirurgie%5C%2Fforschung%5C%2Fpankreasforschung%5C%2Fsektion-pankreaskarzinomforschung%5C%2Fag-molekulare-onkochirurgie%5C%2Fpatienteninformationen%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Brokkoli-Inhaltsstoff%20Sulforaphan%20in%20der%20Krebstherapie%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ingrid%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prof.%20Dr.%20Herr%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Prof.%20Dr.%20Ingrid%20Herr%2C%20Leiterin%20der%20Sektion%20Chirurgische%20Forschung%5Cn%5CnSulforaphan%20ist%20ein%20Inhaltsstoff%2C%20der%20in%20der%20Pflanzenfamilie%20der%20Kreuzbl%5Cu00fctler%20vorkommt%20und%20dem%20bereits%20seit%20der%20Antike%20eine%20heilsame%20Wirkung%20nachgesagt%20wird.%20Zu%20den%20Kreuzbl%5Cu00fctlern%20z%5Cu00e4hlen%20Brokkoli%20und%20Blumenkohl%20sowie%20s%5Cu00e4mtliche%20weiteren%20Kohlsorten%2C%20aber%20auch%20Kresse%2C%20Kapuzinerkresse%2C%20Rucola%2C%20Rettich%2C%20Radieschen%2C%20Meerrettich%2C%20Kohlr%5Cu00fcbe%20mit%20R%5Cu00fcbstiel%2C%20Raps%20und%20Senf.%20Inzwischen%20hat%20man%20die%20wirksamen%20Substanzen%20dieser%20Pflanzen%20isoliert%3A%20Es%20handelt%20sich%20um%20Senf%5Cu00f6lglykoside%2C%20von%20denen%20mehr%20als%20150%20verschiedene%20bekannt%20sind%20und%20die%20in%20unterschiedlichen%20Mengen%20in%20den%20verschiedenen%20Kreuzbl%5Cu00fctlern%20vorkommen.%20Diese%20machen%20den%20scharfen%20Geschmack%20von%20Rettich%2C%20Meerrettich%20und%20Senf%20oder%20den%20teilweise%20bitteren%20Geschmack%20verschiedener%20Kohlsorten%20aus.%20Eines%20der%20bekanntesten%20und%20am%20besten%20untersuchten%20Senf%5Cu00f6lglykoside%20ist%20das%20Glukoraphan%2C%20das%20in%20die%20aktive%20Substanz%20Sulforaphan%20gespalten%20wird%2C%20welches%20wir%20in%20unseren%20experimentellen%20Studien%20angewendet%20haben.%5Cn%5CnSulforaphan%20gibt%20es%20unseres%20Wissens%20nicht%20als%20Reinsubstanz%20in%20einem%20Medikament%20zu%20kaufen%2C%20kann%20jedoch%20%5Cu00fcber%20die%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrung%20in%20therapeutisch%20wirksamen%20Dosen%20aufgenommen%20werden.%20Enthalten%20sind%20Sulforaphan%20und%20%5Cu00e4hnlich-wirksame%20Senf%5Cu00f6le%20in%20Kreuzbl%5Cu00fctlerpflanzen.%20Dazu%20geh%5Cu00f6ren%20Brokkoli%20und%20Blumenkohl%20sowie%20alle%20weiteren%20Kohlsorten%2C%20z.B.%20auch%20Sauerkraut%2C%20aber%20auch%20Kresse%2C%20Kapuzinerkresse%2C%20Rucola%2C%20Rettich%2C%20Radieschen%2C%20Meerrettich%2C%20Kohlr%5Cu00fcbe%20mit%20R%5Cu00fcbstiel%2C%20Raps%2C%20Senf%20und%20Kapern%20%28s.o.%29.%5Cn%5CnInzwischen%20werden%20von%20vielen%20Herstellern%20Brokkolisamen%20oder%20gefriergetrocknete%20Brokkolisprossen%20als%20Pulver%20oder%20in%20Kapseln%20verpackt%20angeboten.%20Bitte%20beachten%20Sie%2C%20dass%20wir%20diese%20Produkte%20nicht%20testen%20und%20daher%20keine%20Auskunft%20geben%20k%5Cu00f6nnen.%20Auch%20d%5Cu00fcrfen%20wir%20als%20Universit%5Cu00e4t%20keine%20Werbung%20f%5Cu00fcr%20ein%20bestimmtes%20Produkt%20machen.%20Bitte%20entscheiden%20Sie%20daher%20selbst%20und%20vergleichen%20Sie%20Preise%20und%20Inhaltsstoffe.%20%5Cn%5CnAufgrund%20unserer%20Erfahrungen%20in%20den%20Laborversuchen%20empfehlen%20wir%20eine%20Dosis%20beim%20Menschen%20von%200%2C36%20mg%20Sulforaphan%20pro%20kg%20K%5Cu00f6rpergewicht.%20Dies%20entspricht%2025%2C2%20mg%20Sulforaphan%20t%5Cu00e4glich%20f%5Cu00fcr%20einen%2070%20kg%20schweren%20Menschen.%20Laufende%20Pilotstudien%20an%20Patienten%20verwenden%2090%20mg%20Sulforaphan%20t%5Cu00e4glich.%5Cn%5CnLeider%20gibt%20es%20keine%20klinischen%20Studien%2C%20die%20zeigen%2C%20welche%20Dosis%20am%20besten%20geeignet%20ist%2C%20um%20das%20Wachstum%20eines%20aggressiv%20wachsenden%20Bauchspeicheldr%5Cu00fcsenkrebs%20beim%20Menschen%20zu%20hemmen.%20Epidemiologische%20Studien%20weisen%20darauf%20hin%2C%20dass%20eine%20heilsame%20Dosis%20von%20Sulforaphan%20und%20verwandter%20Senf%5Cu00f6le%20%5Cu00fcber%20die%20normale%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrung%20zugef%5Cu00fchrt%20werden%20kann%2C%20die%20reichlich%20Gem%5Cu00fcse%20aus%20der%20Familie%20der%20Kreuzbl%5Cu00fctler%20enth%5Cu00e4lt.%5CnWir%20waren%20weltweit%20die%20ersten%2C%20die%20in%20Laborversuchen%20an%20M%5Cu00e4usen%20gezeigt%20haben%2C%20dass%20Sulforaphan%20die%20besonders%20aggressiven%20Tumorstammzellen%20angreift%20und%20diese%20dadurch%20f%5Cu00fcr%20die%20Chemotherapie%20empfindlich%20macht.%20Wir%20vermuten%2C%20dass%20Tumorstammzellen%20%5Cu2013%20diese%20%5Cu00fcberleben%20eine%20herk%5Cu00f6mmliche%20Chemo-%20und%20Strahlentherapie%20f%5Cu00fcr%20die%20Entstehung%20und%20Streuung%20von%20Krebs%20verantwortlich%20sind.%20Da%20die%20normalen%20Tumorzellen%20empfindlicher%20sind%2C%20sterben%20diese%20unter%20Therapie%20ab%20und%20die%20Geschwulst%20wird%20h%5Cu00e4ufig%20kleiner%2C%20besonders%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20ersten%20Therapiezyklen.%20Da%20aber%20die%20resistenten%20Tumorstammzellen%20%5Cu00fcbrig%20bleiben%2C%20k%5Cu00f6nnen%20diese%20den%20Tumor%20erneut%20ausbilden.%20Wir%20sehen%20sogar%2C%20dass%20die%20Tumorstammzellen%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20wiederholter%20chemotherapeutischer%20Behandlungen%20angereichert%20werden%20und%20daher%20der%20Tumor%20nach%20mehreren%20Zyklen%20resistent%20geworden%20ist.%20Basierend%20auf%20unseren%20Labordaten%20wirkt%20eine%20sulforaphanreiche%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrung%20der%20Anreicherung%20von%20Tumorstammzellen%20entgegen%20und%20k%5Cu00f6nnte%20daher%20bei%20Patienten%20das%20Tumorwachstum%20verlangsamen%20und%20die%20Chemotherapie%20wirksamer%20machen.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2201.06.2019%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de%5C%2Fchirurgische-klinik-zentrum%5C%2Fallgemein-viszeral-und-transplantationschirurgie%5C%2Fforschung%5C%2Fpankreasforschung%5C%2Fsektion-pankreaskarzinomforschung%5C%2Fag-molekulare-onkochirurgie%5C%2Fpatienteninformationen%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22Deutsch%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-18T17%3A47%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223IP6YIQP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Flamme%2C%20W.%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-12-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFlamme%2C%20W.%2C%20Kurpjun%2C%20CH.%2C%20Seddig%2C%20S.%2C%20Jansen%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20J%26%23xFC%3Brgens%2C%20H.-U.%20%282003%2C%20December%2031%29.%20Gekeimte%20Samen%20als%20Futtermittel%20-%20Analytik.%20Retrieved%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fservice.ble.de%5C%2Fptdb%5C%2Findex2.php%3Fdetail_id%3D85377%26site_key%3D142%26zeilenzahl_zaehler%3D1135%26NextRow%3D470%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fservice.ble.de%5C%2Fptdb%5C%2Findex2.php%3Fdetail_id%3D85377%26site_key%3D142%26zeilenzahl_zaehler%3D1135%26NextRow%3D470%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22document%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Gekeimte%20Samen%20als%20Futtermittel%20-%20Analytik%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Flamme%2C%20W.%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Kurpjun%2C%20CH.%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Seddig%2C%20S.%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Jansen%2C%20G.%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22J%5Cu00fcrgens%2C%20H.-U.%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Bis%20August%202005%20d%5Cu00fcrfen%20im%20%5Cu00f6kologischen%20Landbau%2C%20wenn%20eine%20ausschlie%5Cu00dfliche%20Versorgung%5Cnmit%20%5Cu00f6kologischen%20Futtermitteln%20nicht%20m%5Cu00f6glich%20ist%2C%20im%20begrenzten%20Umfang%20konventionelle%5Cnzugesetzt%20werden.%20F%5Cu00fcr%20den%20Zeitraum%20danach%20ist%20zu%20kl%5Cu00e4ren%2C%20ob%20eine%20ausreichende%5CnN%5Cu00e4hrstoff-%20und%20Eiwei%5Cu00dfversorgung%20%5Cu00fcber%20den%20Einsatz%20von%20Getreidekeimlingen%5Cngew%5Cu00e4hrleistet%20werden%20kann.%5CnDie%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20des%20Keimprozesses%20bei%20Getreide%20auftretenden%20Ver%5Cu00e4nderungen%20der%20f%5Cu00fcr%5Cndie%20F%5Cu00fctterung%20relevanten%20Inhaltsstoffe%20wurden%20untersucht.%20Die%20Keimung%20erfolgte%20sowohl%5Cnunter%20optimierten%20Bedingungen%20in%20Feuchtekammern%20als%20auch%20unter%20praxisrelevanten%5CnBedingungen%20in%20Schalen%20und%20im%20Keimautomat.%20Dabei%20zeigte%20sich%2C%20dass%20mit%5Cnbeginnender%20Keimung%20sprunghafte%20Ver%5Cu00e4nderungen%20im%20Enzymstatus%20nachweisbar%5Cnsind%2C%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20stoffliche%20Ver%5Cu00e4nderungen%20sp%5Cu00e4ter%20einsetzen%20und%20langsamer%20verlaufen.%5CnDas%20st%5Cu00e4rkeabbauende%20Enzym%20%5Cu03b1-Amylase%20konnte%20als%20sensibler%20Indikator%20f%5Cu00fcr%20den%20Keimungsfortschritt%5Cnverwendet%20werden.%5CnW%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20Keimung%20stiegen%20die%20Aktivit%5Cu00e4ten%20der%20st%5Cu00e4rkeabbauenden%20Enzyme%20und%5Cnder%20St%5Cu00e4rkegehalt%20wurde%20reduziert.%20Erwartungsgem%5Cu00e4%5Cu00df%20stiegen%20die%20Zuckergehalte.%20Bei%5Cnunver%5Cu00e4ndertem%20Rohstickstoffgehalt%20kam%20es%20zu%20einer%20Abnahme%20des%20Proteinstickstoffgehaltes%5Cnzu%20Gunsten%20der%20freien%20Aminos%5Cu00e4uren.%20Der%20Rohfettgehalt%20stieg%20und%20es%20erh%5Cu00f6hte%5Cnsich%20der%20Gehalt%20an%20mehrfach%20unges%5Cu00e4ttigten%20Fetts%5Cu00e4uren.%5CnVon%20den%20Aminos%5Cu00e4uren%20erh%5Cu00f6hte%20sich%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20Keimung%20besonders%20der%20Gehalt%20von%5CnLysin.%5CnDie%20deutlichsten%20Ver%5Cu00e4nderungen%20durch%20die%20Keimung%20wurden%20bei%20den%20Vitaminen%20beobachtet.%5CnVon%20den%208%20untersuchten%20Vitaminen%20A%2C%20B1%2C%20B2%2C%20B6%2C%20C%2C%20D3%2C%20E%20und%20K1%20stiegen%5Cn6%20deutlich%20an.%20Bemerkenswert%20war%20die%20Verringerung%20der%20Viskosit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20Roggenkeimlingen%2C%5Cnwodurch%20der%20Einsatz%20dieser%20Getreideart%20in%20der%20F%5Cu00fctterung%20interessant%20wird.%5CnErw%5Cu00e4hnenswert%20ist%2C%20dass%20die%20Phytins%5Cu00e4ure%2C%20die%20die%20Verdaulichkeit%20des%20Futters%20beeintr%5Cu00e4chtigt%2C%5Cnw%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20Keimung%20stark%20abnimmt.%5CnAus%20ern%5Cu00e4hrungsphysiologischer%20Sicht%20treten%20vorteilhafte%20Ver%5Cu00e4nderungen%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%5CnKeimung%20auf%2C%20die%20zu%20einer%20Verbesserung%20des%20Futterwertes%20beitragen.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2231.12.2003%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22Deutsch%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fservice.ble.de%5C%2Fptdb%5C%2Findex2.php%3Fdetail_id%3D85377%26site_key%3D142%26zeilenzahl_zaehler%3D1135%26NextRow%3D470%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T15%3A26%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F4FBKTFR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Benincasa%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-02-17%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBenincasa%2C%20P.%2C%20Falcinelli%2C%20B.%2C%20Lutts%2C%20S.%2C%20Stagnari%2C%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Galieni%2C%20A.%20%282019%29.%20Sprouted%20Grains%3A%20A%20Comprehensive%20Review.%20%3Ci%3ENutrients%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fnu11020421%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fnu11020421%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sprouted%20Grains%3A%20A%20Comprehensive%20Review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paolo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benincasa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Beatrice%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falcinelli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lutts%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fabio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stagnari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Angelica%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Galieni%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20the%20last%20decade%2C%20there%20has%20been%20an%20increase%20in%20the%20use%20of%20sprouted%20grains%20in%20human%20diet%20and%20a%20parallel%20increase%20in%20the%20scientific%20literature%20dealing%20with%20their%20nutritional%20traits%20and%20phytochemical%20contents.%20This%20review%20examines%20the%20physiological%20and%20biochemical%20changes%20during%20the%20germination%20process%2C%20and%20the%20effects%20on%20final%20sprout%20composition%20in%20terms%20of%20macro-%20and%20micro-nutrients%20and%20bioactive%20compounds.%20The%20main%20factors%20affecting%20sprout%20composition%20are%20taken%20into%20consideration%3A%20genotype%2C%20environmental%20conditions%20experimented%20by%20the%20mother%20plant%2C%20germination%20conditions.%20In%20particular%2C%20the%20review%20deepens%20the%20recent%20knowledge%20on%20the%20possible%20elicitation%20factors%20useful%20for%20increasing%20the%20phytochemical%20contents.%20Microbiological%20risks%20and%20post-harvest%20technologies%20are%20also%20evaluated%2C%20and%20a%20brief%20summary%20is%20given%20of%20some%20important%20in%20vivo%20studies%20matching%20with%20the%20use%20of%20grain%20sprouts%20in%20the%20diet.%20All%20the%20species%20belonging%20to%20Poaceae%20%28Gramineae%29%20family%20as%20well%20as%20pseudocereals%20species%20are%20included.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%2017%2C%202019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fnu11020421%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222072-6643%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T14%3A12%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2253MDFG2E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Merendino%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMerendino%2C%20N.%2C%20Molinari%2C%20R.%2C%20Costantini%2C%20L.%2C%20Mazzucato%2C%20A.%2C%20Pucci%2C%20A.%2C%20Bonafaccia%2C%20F.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Bonafaccia%2C%20G.%20%282014%29.%20A%20new%20%26%23x201C%3Bfunctional%26%23x201D%3B%20pasta%20containing%20tartary%20buckwheat%20sprouts%20as%20an%20ingredient%20improves%20the%20oxidative%20status%20and%20normalizes%20some%20blood%20pressure%20parameters%20in%20spontaneously%20hypertensive%20rats.%20%3Ci%3EFood%20%26amp%3B%20Function%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E5%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%201017%26%23x2013%3B1026.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1039%5C%2Fc3fo60683j%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1039%5C%2Fc3fo60683j%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20new%20%5C%22functional%5C%22%20pasta%20containing%20tartary%20buckwheat%20sprouts%20as%20an%20ingredient%20improves%20the%20oxidative%20status%20and%20normalizes%20some%20blood%20pressure%20parameters%20in%20spontaneously%20hypertensive%20rats%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicol%5Cu00f2%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merendino%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Romina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Molinari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lara%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Costantini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mazzucato%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pucci%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francesco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonafaccia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Esti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brunella%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ceccantoni%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cristiano%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Papeschi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Giovanni%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonafaccia%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Epidemiological%20studies%20have%20reported%20that%20some%20foods%2C%20particularly%20those%20rich%20in%20%28poly%29phenols%2C%20may%20reduce%20cardiovascular%20risk%20and%20metabolic%20disorders%20such%20as%20hypertension.%20Buckwheat%20sprouts%20have%20been%20suggested%20as%20a%20new%20raw%20material%20for%20the%20production%20of%20functional%20foods%20due%20to%20their%20high%20content%20of%20healthy%20compounds%20such%20as%20rutin%20and%20quercetin.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20paper%20is%20to%20evaluate%20the%20biological%20hypotensive%20and%20antioxidant%20responses%20of%20pasta%20containing%20tartary%20buckwheat%20sprouts%20%28TBSP%29%20on%20spontaneously%20hypertensive%20rats%20%28SHR%29.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20dry%20tartary%20buckwheat%20sprouts%20were%20milled%20to%20obtain%20a%20powder%20that%20was%20used%20in%20the%20production%20of%20pasta%20containing%2030%25%20dry%20buckwheat%20sprouts%20and%2070%25%20durum%20wheat%20semolina.%20Afterwards%2C%20we%20analyzed%20the%20in%20vitro%20TBSP%20features%20compared%20with%20the%20control%20%28durum%20wheat%20flour%20pasta%2C%20DWFP%29%2C%20and%20the%20in%20vivo%20effects%20of%20TBSP%20on%20SHR%20and%20their%20normotensive%20counterpart%2C%20Wistar%20Kyoto%20rats%20%28WKY%20rats%29.%20The%20total%20phenolic%20content%20and%20antioxidant%20activity%20were%20higher%20in%20TBSP%20compared%20to%20DWFP.%20The%20results%20showed%20that%20SHR%20fed%20TBSP%20exhibited%20higher%20plasma%20levels%20of%20the%20endogenous%20vasodilators%20bradykinin%20%28BK%29%20and%20nitric%20oxide%20%28NO%29%2C%20a%20lower%20level%20of%20the%20vasoconstrictor%20endothelin-1%20%28ET-1%29%2C%20and%20an%20improved%20antioxidant%20capacity.%20These%20data%20suggest%20that%20TBSP%20may%20help%20reduce%20hypertension%20and%20oxidative%20stress%20in%20vivo.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%202014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1039%5C%2Fc3fo60683j%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222042-650X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T14%3A02%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22726WI6G4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ikeda%20K.%20and%20K.%20Arioka%2C%20S.%20Fujii%2C%20T.%20Kusano%2C%20and%20M.%20Oku.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221984%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EIkeda%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20K.%20Arioka%2C%20S.%20Fujii%2C%20T.%20Kusano%2C%20and%20M.%20Oku.%20%281984%29.%20Effect%20on%20Buckwheat%20Protein%20Quality%20of%20Seed%20Germination%20and%20Changes%20in%20Trypsin%20Inhibitor%20Content.%20%3Ci%3ECereal%20Chemestry%2061%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20236-238.%20Retrieved%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cerealsgrains.org%5C%2Fpublications%5C%2Fcc%5C%2Fbackissues%5C%2F1984%5C%2FDocuments%5C%2FCC1984a54.html%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cerealsgrains.org%5C%2Fpublications%5C%2Fcc%5C%2Fbackissues%5C%2F1984%5C%2FDocuments%5C%2FCC1984a54.html%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effect%20on%20Buckwheat%20Protein%20Quality%20of%20Seed%20Germination%20and%20Changes%20in%20Trypsin%20Inhibitor%20Content%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Ikeda%20K.%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22K.%20Arioka%2C%20S.%20Fujii%2C%20T.%20Kusano%2C%20and%20M.%20Oku.%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20effects%20of%20germination%20on%20trypsin%20inhibitor%20activity%20and%20on%20in%20vitro%20protein%20digestibility%20of%20buckwheat%20seed%20were%20studied.%20Trypsin%20inhibitor%20activity%20decreased%20substantially%20as%20germination%20proceeded.%20The%20susceptibility%20to%20peptic%20and%20pancreatic%20hydrolysis%20of%20the%20proteins%20of%20the%20buckwheat%20seedlings%20was%20much%20greater%20than%20that%20of%20the%20ungerminated%20seeds.%20These%20findings%20indicate%20that%20the%20advantage%20of%20decreased%20trypsin%20inhibitory%20activity%20during%20germination%20may%20reflect%20better%20protein%20quality%20of%20the%20buckwheat%20seed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221984%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cerealsgrains.org%5C%2Fpublications%5C%2Fcc%5C%2Fbackissues%5C%2F1984%5C%2FDocuments%5C%2FCC1984a54.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T13%3A32%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225S2EUVRZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Burkholder%20and%20McVeigh%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221942-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBurkholder%2C%20P.%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20McVeigh%2C%20I.%20%281942%29.%20The%20Increase%20of%20B%20Vitamins%20in%20Germinating%20Seeds.%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20of%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E28%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2810%29%2C%20440%26%23x2013%3B446.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.28.10.440%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.28.10.440%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Increase%20of%20B%20Vitamins%20in%20Germinating%20Seeds%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burkholder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McVeigh%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Oct%201942%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1073%5C%2Fpnas.28.10.440%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-8424%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T13%3A32%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227W4TLJAT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22M.%2C%20Marton%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%220210-01-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EM.%2C%20Marton%2C%20Zs.%2C%20Mandoki%2C%20Zs.%2C%20Csapo-Kiss%2C%20%26amp%3B%20J.%2C%20Csapo.%20%28210AD%2C%20January%201%29.%20The%20role%20of%20sprouts%20in%20human%20nutrition.%20A%20review.%20Retrieved%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.acta.sapientia.ro%5C%2Facta-alim%5C%2FC3%5C%2Falim3-5.pdf%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.acta.sapientia.ro%5C%2Facta-alim%5C%2FC3%5C%2Falim3-5.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22document%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20role%20of%20sprouts%20in%20human%20nutrition.%20A%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22M.%2C%20Marton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Zs.%2C%20Mandoki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Zs.%2C%20Csapo-Kiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22J.%2C%20Csapo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Based%20on%20the%20data%20of%20the%20literature%20it%20can%20be%20stated%20that%20the%5Cnoriginal%20composition%20of%20the%20seeds%20essentially%20changes%20during%20germination.%5CnThe%20quantity%20of%20the%20protein%20fractions%20changes%2C%20the%20proportion%20of%20the%20ni-%5Cntrogen%20containing%20fractions%20shifts%20towards%20the%20smaller%20protein%20fractions%2C%5Cnoligopeptides%20and%20free%20amino%20acids.%20Beyond%20this%20changes%20the%20quantity%20of%5Cnthe%20amino%20acids%20%28some%20of%20them%20increase%2C%20others%20decrease%20or%20do%20not%20alter%29%5Cnduring%20germination%2C%20and%20nonprotein%20amino%20acids%20also%20are%20produced.%20In%5Cnconsequence%20of%20these%20changes%2C%20the%20biological%20value%20of%20the%20sprout%20protein%5Cnincrease%2C%20and%20greater%20digestibility%20was%20established%20in%20animal%20experiments.%5CnThe%20composition%20of%20the%20triglycerides%20also%20changes%2C%20owing%20to%20hydrolysis%20free%5Cnfatty%20acids%20originate%2C%20that%20can%20be%20considered%20as%20a%20certain%20kind%20of%20prediges-%5Cntion.%20Generally%2C%20the%20ratio%20of%20the%20saturated%20fatty%20acids%20increases%20compared%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2201.01.0210%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.acta.sapientia.ro%5C%2Facta-alim%5C%2FC3%5C%2Falim3-5.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2265JJSFRD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T09%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QJ644NZR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lagiou%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELagiou%2C%20P.%2C%20Sandin%2C%20S.%2C%20Weiderpass%2C%20E.%2C%20Lagiou%2C%20A.%2C%20Mucci%2C%20L.%2C%20Trichopoulos%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Adami%2C%20H.-O.%20%282007%29.%20Low%20carbohydrate-high%20protein%20diet%20and%20mortality%20in%20a%20cohort%20of%20Swedish%20women.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Internal%20Medicine%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E261%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20366%26%23x2013%3B374.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-2796.2007.01774.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-2796.2007.01774.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Low%20carbohydrate-high%20protein%20diet%20and%20mortality%20in%20a%20cohort%20of%20Swedish%20women%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lagiou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sandin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiderpass%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lagiou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mucci%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trichopoulos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.-O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adami%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22OBJECTIVE%3A%20The%20long-term%20health%20consequences%20of%20diets%20used%20for%20weight%20control%20are%20not%20established.%20We%20have%20evaluated%20the%20association%20of%20the%20frequently%20recommended%20low%20carbohydrate%20diets%20-%20usually%20characterized%20by%20concomitant%20increase%20in%20protein%20intake%20-%20with%20long-term%20mortality.%5CnDESIGN%3A%20The%20Women%27s%20Lifestyle%20and%20Health%20cohort%20study%20initiated%20in%20Sweden%20during%201991-1992%2C%20with%20a%2012-year%20almost%20complete%20follow%20up.%5CnSETTING%3A%20The%20Uppsala%20Health%20Care%20Region.%5CnSUBJECTS%3A%2042%2C237%20women%2C%2030-49%20years%20old%20at%20baseline%2C%20volunteers%20from%20a%20random%20sample%2C%20who%20completed%20an%20extensive%20questionnaire%20and%20were%20traced%20through%20linkages%20to%20national%20registries%20until%202003.%5CnMAIN%20OUTCOME%20MEASURES%3A%20We%20evaluated%20the%20association%20of%20mortality%20with%3A%20decreasing%20carbohydrate%20intake%20%28in%20deciles%29%3B%20increasing%20protein%20intake%20%28in%20deciles%29%20and%20an%20additive%20combination%20of%20these%20variables%20%28low%20carbohydrate-high%20protein%20score%20from%202%20to%2020%29%2C%20in%20Cox%20models%20controlling%20for%20energy%20intake%2C%20saturated%20fat%20intake%20and%20several%20nondietary%20covariates.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Decreasing%20carbohydrate%20or%20increasing%20protein%20intake%20by%20one%20decile%20were%20associated%20with%20increase%20in%20total%20mortality%20by%206%25%20%2895%25%20CI%3A%200-12%25%29%20and%202%25%20%2895%25%20CI%3A%20-1%20to%205%25%29%2C%20respectively.%20For%20cardiovascular%20mortality%2C%20amongst%20women%2040-49%20years%20old%20at%20enrolment%2C%20the%20corresponding%20increases%20were%2C%20respectively%2C%2013%25%20%2895%25%20CI%3A%20-4%20to%2032%25%29%20and%2016%25%20%2895%25%20CI%3A%205-29%25%29%2C%20with%20the%20additive%20score%20being%20even%20more%20predictive.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20A%20diet%20characterized%20by%20low%20carbohydrate%20and%20high%20protein%20intake%20was%20associated%20with%20increased%20total%20and%20particularly%20cardiovascular%20mortality%20amongst%20women.%20Vigilance%20with%20respect%20to%20long-term%20adherence%20to%20such%20weight%20control%20regimes%20is%20advisable.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-2796.2007.01774.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220954-6820%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T09%3A12%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MYKW62X2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fung%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-09-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFung%2C%20T.%20T.%2C%20van%20Dam%2C%20R.%20M.%2C%20Hankinson%2C%20S.%20E.%2C%20Stampfer%2C%20M.%2C%20Willett%2C%20W.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hu%2C%20F.%20B.%20%282010%29.%20Low-carbohydrate%20diets%20and%20all-cause%20and%20cause-specific%20mortality%3A%20two%20cohort%20studies.%20%3Ci%3EAnnals%20of%20Internal%20Medicine%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E153%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%20289%26%23x2013%3B298.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2F0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2F0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Low-carbohydrate%20diets%20and%20all-cause%20and%20cause-specific%20mortality%3A%20two%20cohort%20studies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Teresa%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fung%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rob%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Dam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susan%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hankinson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Meir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stampfer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Walter%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Data%20on%20the%20long-term%20association%20between%20low-carbohydrate%20diets%20and%20mortality%20are%20sparse.%5CnOBJECTIVE%3A%20To%20examine%20the%20association%20of%20low-carbohydrate%20diets%20with%20mortality%20during%2026%20years%20of%20follow-up%20in%20women%20and%2020%20years%20in%20men.%5CnDESIGN%3A%20Prospective%20cohort%20study%20of%20women%20and%20men%20who%20were%20followed%20from%201980%20%28women%29%20or%201986%20%28men%29%20until%202006.%20Low-carbohydrate%20diets%2C%20either%20animal-based%20%28emphasizing%20animal%20sources%20of%20fat%20and%20protein%29%20or%20vegetable-based%20%28emphasizing%20vegetable%20sources%20of%20fat%20and%20protein%29%2C%20were%20computed%20from%20several%20validated%20food-frequency%20questionnaires%20assessed%20during%20follow-up.%5CnSETTING%3A%20Nurses%27%20Health%20Study%20and%20Health%20Professionals%27%20Follow-up%20Study.%5CnPARTICIPANTS%3A%2085%20168%20women%20%28aged%2034%20to%2059%20years%20at%20baseline%29%20and%2044%20548%20men%20%28aged%2040%20to%2075%20years%20at%20baseline%29%20without%20heart%20disease%2C%20cancer%2C%20or%20diabetes.%5CnMEASUREMENTS%3A%20Investigators%20documented%2012%20555%20deaths%20%282458%20cardiovascular-related%20and%205780%20cancer-related%29%20in%20women%20and%208678%20deaths%20%282746%20cardiovascular-related%20and%202960%20cancer-related%29%20in%20men.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20The%20overall%20low-carbohydrate%20score%20was%20associated%20with%20a%20modest%20increase%20in%20overall%20mortality%20in%20a%20pooled%20analysis%20%28hazard%20ratio%20%5BHR%5D%20comparing%20extreme%20deciles%2C%201.12%20%5B95%25%20CI%2C%201.01%20to%201.24%5D%3B%20P%20for%20trend%20%3D%200.136%29.%20The%20animal%20low-carbohydrate%20score%20was%20associated%20with%20higher%20all-cause%20mortality%20%28pooled%20HR%20comparing%20extreme%20deciles%2C%201.23%20%5BCI%2C%201.11%20to%201.37%5D%3B%20P%20for%20trend%20%3D%200.051%29%2C%20cardiovascular%20mortality%20%28corresponding%20HR%2C%201.14%20%5BCI%2C%201.01%20to%201.29%5D%3B%20P%20for%20trend%20%3D%200.029%29%2C%20and%20cancer%20mortality%20%28corresponding%20HR%2C%201.28%20%5BCI%2C%201.02%20to%201.60%5D%3B%20P%20for%20trend%20%3D%200.089%29.%20In%20contrast%2C%20a%20higher%20vegetable%20low-carbohydrate%20score%20was%20associated%20with%20lower%20all-cause%20mortality%20%28HR%2C%200.80%20%5BCI%2C%200.75%20to%200.85%5D%3B%20P%20for%20trend%20%3C%5C%2F%3D%200.001%29%20and%20cardiovascular%20mortality%20%28HR%2C%200.77%20%5BCI%2C%200.68%20to%200.87%5D%3B%20P%20for%20trend%20%3C%200.001%29.%5CnLIMITATIONS%3A%20Diet%20and%20lifestyle%20characteristics%20were%20assessed%20with%20some%20degree%20of%20error.%20Sensitivity%20analyses%20indicated%20that%20results%20were%20probably%20not%20substantively%20affected%20by%20residual%20confounding%20or%20an%20unmeasured%20confounder.%20Participants%20were%20not%20a%20representative%20sample%20of%20the%20U.S.%20population.%5CnCONCLUSION%3A%20A%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%20based%20on%20animal%20sources%20was%20associated%20with%20higher%20all-cause%20mortality%20in%20both%20men%20and%20women%2C%20whereas%20a%20vegetable-based%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%20was%20associated%20with%20lower%20all-cause%20and%20cardiovascular%20disease%20mortality%20rates.%5CnPRIMARY%20FUNDING%20SOURCE%3A%20National%20Institutes%20of%20Health.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%2007%2C%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.7326%5C%2F0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221539-3704%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-14T09%3A12%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LAWDY8XU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lichtenfeld%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELichtenfeld%2C%20S.%2C%20Elliot%2C%20A.%20J.%2C%20Maier%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Pekrun%2C%20R.%20%282012%29.%20Fertile%20green%3A%20green%20facilitates%20creative%20performance.%20%3Ci%3EPersonality%20%26amp%3B%20Social%20Psychology%20Bulletin%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E38%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20784%26%23x2013%3B797.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0146167212436611%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F0146167212436611%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fertile%20green%3A%20green%20facilitates%20creative%20performance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephanie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lichtenfeld%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Elliot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Markus%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reinhard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pekrun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20present%20research%20sought%20to%20extend%20the%20nascent%20literature%20on%20color%20and%20psychological%20functioning%20by%20examining%20whether%20perception%20of%20the%20color%20green%20facilitates%20creativity.%20In%20four%20experiments%2C%20we%20demonstrated%20that%20a%20brief%20glimpse%20of%20green%20prior%20to%20a%20creativity%20task%20enhances%20creative%20performance.%20This%20green%20effect%20was%20observed%20using%20both%20achromatic%20%28white%2C%20gray%29%20and%20chromatic%20%28red%2C%20blue%29%20contrast%20colors%20that%20were%20carefully%20matched%20on%20nonhue%20properties%2C%20and%20using%20both%20picture-based%20and%20word-based%20assessments%20of%20creativity.%20Participants%20were%20not%20aware%20of%20the%20purpose%20of%20the%20experiment%2C%20and%20null%20effects%20were%20obtained%20on%20participants%27%20self-reported%20mood%20and%20positive%20activation.%20These%20findings%20indicate%20that%20green%20has%20implications%20beyond%20aesthetics%20and%20suggest%20the%20need%20for%20sustained%20empirical%20work%20on%20the%20functional%20meaning%20of%20green.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F0146167212436611%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221552-7433%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228XG6Y539%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-02-02T19%3A05%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2233YDY59M%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Konowalchuk%20and%20Speirs%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221976-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKonowalchuk%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Speirs%2C%20J.%20I.%20%281976%29.%20Virus%20inactivation%20by%20grapes%20and%20wines.%20%3Ci%3EApplied%20and%20Environmental%20Microbiology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E32%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20757%26%23x2013%3B763.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Virus%20inactivation%20by%20grapes%20and%20wines%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konowalchuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Speirs%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Infusions%20and%20extracts%20of%20different%20grapes%20inactivated%20poliovirus%3B%20agents%20responsible%20for%20this%20property%20resided%20in%20the%20skin%20of%20the%20grape.%20Commercial%20grape%20juice%20at%20both%20natural%20and%20neutral%20pH%20inactivate%20various%20enteric%20viruses%20and%20herpes%20simplex%20virus%3B%20a%201%2C000-fold%20reduction%20in%20poliovirus%20infectivity%20occurred%20after%20incubation%20with%20grape%20juice%2C%20pH%207.0%2C%20for%2024%20h%20at%204%20degrees%20C.%20A%20variety%20of%20wines%20were%20antiviral%20but%20to%20a%20lesser%20extent%20than%20grape%20juice%3B%20red%20wines%20were%20more%20antiviral%20than%20white.%20Antiviral%20activity%20was%20demonstrable%20in%20fractions%20of%20grape%20juice%20varying%20in%20molecular%20weight%20from%20less%20than%201%2C000%20to%20greater%20than%2030%2C000%20as%20determined%20by%20membrane%20filtration.%20Some%20restoration%20of%20poliovirus%20infectivity%20from%20virus-grape%20juice%20complexes%20was%20achieved%20with%201%25%20gelatin%2C%200.1%25%20Tween%2080%2C%200.5%25%20polyvinyl%20pyrrolidone%2C%20and%200.5%25%20polyethylene%20glycol.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%201976%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220099-2240%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-20T16%3A04%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DHQ8UYTW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Watzl%20and%20Leitzmann%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWatzl%2C%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Leitzmann%2C%20C.%20%282005%29.%20%3Ci%3EBioaktive%20Substanzen%20in%20Lebensmitteln%3A%2061%20Tabellen%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%283.%2C%20unver%26%23xE4%3Bnd.%20Aufl%29.%20Stuttgart%3A%20Hippokrates.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bioaktive%20Substanzen%20in%20Lebensmitteln%3A%2061%20Tabellen%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bernhard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watzl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Claus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leitzmann%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22ger%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-8304-5308-6%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GIMJ2TS8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-20T16%3A02%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RCIT96WV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thimothe%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-12-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThimothe%2C%20J.%2C%20Bonsi%2C%20I.%20A.%2C%20Padilla-Zakour%2C%20O.%20I.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Koo%2C%20H.%20%282007%29.%20Chemical%20characterization%20of%20red%20wine%20grape%20%28Vitis%20vinifera%20and%20Vitis%20interspecific%20hybrids%29%20and%20pomace%20phenolic%20extracts%20and%20their%20biological%20activity%20against%20Streptococcus%20mutans.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Agricultural%20and%20Food%20Chemistry%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E55%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2825%29%2C%2010200%26%23x2013%3B10207.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Fjf0722405%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Fjf0722405%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Chemical%20characterization%20of%20red%20wine%20grape%20%28Vitis%20vinifera%20and%20Vitis%20interspecific%20hybrids%29%20and%20pomace%20phenolic%20extracts%20and%20their%20biological%20activity%20against%20Streptococcus%20mutans%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joanne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thimothe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Illeme%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olga%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Padilla-Zakour%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hyun%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Grapes%20are%20rich%20sources%20of%20potentially%20bioactive%20polyphenols.%20However%2C%20the%20phenolic%20content%20is%20variable%20depending%20on%20grape%20variety%2C%20and%20may%20be%20modified%20during%20vinification.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20examined%20the%20chemical%20composition%20and%20biological%20activity%20of%20phenolic%20extracts%20prepared%20from%20several%20red%20wine%20grape%20varieties%20and%20their%20fermented%20byproduct%20of%20winemaking%20%28pomace%29%20on%20some%20of%20the%20virulence%20properties%20of%20Streptococcus%20mutans%20a%20well-known%20dental%20pathogen.%20Grape%20phenolic%20extracts%20were%20obtained%20from%20Vitis%20vinifera%20varieties%20Cabernet%20Franc%20and%20Pinot%20Noir%20and%20Vitis%20interspecific%20hybrid%20varieties%20Baco%20Noir%20and%20Noiret.%20The%20anthocyanins%20and%20flavan-3-ols%20content%20were%20highly%20variable%20depending%20on%20grape%20variety%20and%20type%20of%20extract%20%28whole%20fruit%20vs%20fermented%20pomace%29.%20Nevertheless%2C%20all%20grape%20phenolic%20extracts%20remarkably%20inhibited%20glucosyltransferases%20B%20and%20C%20%2870-85%25%20inhibition%29%20at%20concentrations%20as%20low%20as%2062.5%20microg%5C%2FmL%20%28P%20%3C%200.01%29.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20glycolytic%20pH-drop%20by%20S.%20mutans%20cells%20was%20inhibited%20by%20the%20grape%20extracts%20without%20affecting%20the%20bacterial%20viability%3B%20an%20effect%20that%20can%20be%20attributed%20to%20partial%20inhibition%20of%20F-ATPase%20activity%20%2830-65%25%20inhibition%20at%20125%20microg%5C%2FmL%3B%20P%20%3C%200.01%29.%20The%20biological%20activity%20of%20fermented%20pomace%20was%20either%20as%20effective%20as%20or%20significantly%20better%20than%20whole%20fruit%20grape%20extracts.%20The%20results%20showed%20that%20grape%20phenolic%20extracts%2C%20especially%20from%20pomace%2C%20are%20highly%20effective%20against%20specific%20virulence%20traits%20of%20S.%20mutans%20despite%20major%20differences%20in%20their%20phenolic%20content.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%2012%2C%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Fjf0722405%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220021-8561%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-19T13%3A47%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JFU52DMU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22MacGregor%20and%20Jurd%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221978-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMacGregor%2C%20J.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jurd%2C%20L.%20%281978%29.%20Mutagenicity%20of%20plant%20flavonoids%3A%20structural%20requirements%20for%20mutagenic%20activity%20in%20Salmonella%20typhimurium.%20%3Ci%3EMutation%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E54%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20297%26%23x2013%3B309.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2F0165-1161%2878%2990020-1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2F0165-1161%2878%2990020-1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Mutagenicity%20of%20plant%20flavonoids%3A%20structural%20requirements%20for%20mutagenic%20activity%20in%20Salmonella%20typhimurium%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacGregor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jurd%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%2240%20compounds%20structurally%20related%20to%20the%20plant%20flavonol%20quercetin%20were%20tested%20for%20mutagenic%20activity%20in%20Salmonella%20typhimurium%20strain%20TA98.%2010%20flavonols%2C%20quercetin%2C%20myricetin%2C%20rhamnetin%2C%20galangin%2C%20kaempferol%2C%20tamarixetin%2C%20morin%2C%203%27-O-methylquercetin%2C%207%2C4%27-di-O-methylquercetin%20and%205%2C7-di-O-methyl-quercetin%2C%20exhibited%20unequivocal%20mutagenic%20activity.%204%20compounds%2C%20quercetin%2C%20myricetin%2C%20rhamnetin%20and%205%2C7-di-O-methylquercetin%2C%20were%20active%20without%20metabolic%20activation%2C%20although%20metabolic%20activation%20markedly%20enhanced%20their%20activity.%20All%204%20have%20free%20hydroxyl%20groups%20at%20the%203%27%20and%204%27%20positions%20of%20the%20B%20ring.%20The%20other%20active%20compounds%20required%20an%20in%20vitro%20rat-liver%20metabolizing%20system%20for%20significant%20activity.%20Structural%20features%20which%20appear%20essential%20for%20mutagenic%20activity%20in%20this%20strain%20are%20a%20basic%20flavanoid%20ring%20structure%20with%20%281%29%20a%20free%20hydroxyl%20group%20at%20the%203%20position%2C%20%282%29%20a%20double%20bond%20at%20the%202%2C%203%20position%2C%20%283%29%20a%20keto%20group%20at%20the%204%20position%2C%20and%20%284%29%20a%20structure%20which%20permits%20the%20proton%20of%20the%203-hydroxyl%20group%20to%20tautomerise%20to%20a%203-keto%20compound.%20The%20data%20are%20consistent%20with%20the%20requirement%20for%20a%20B%20ring%20structure%20that%20permits%20oxidation%20to%20quininoid%20intermediates.%20Free%20hydroxyl%20groups%20in%20the%20B%20ring%20are%20not%20essential%20for%20activity%20if%20a%20rat-liver%20metabolic%20activating%20system%20is%20employed.%20Data%20from%2012%20compounds%20which%20differ%20only%20at%20the%20essential%20sites%20described%20above%20indicate%20that%20the%20structural%20requirements%20for%20mutagenicity%20in%20strain%20TA100%20are%20the%20same%20as%20those%20for%20activity%20in%20strain%20TA98.%20Based%20on%20the%20above%20structural%20requirements%2C%20a%20metabolic%20pathway%20for%20flavonol%20activation%20to%20DNA-reactive%20species%20is%20proposed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%201978%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2F0165-1161%2878%2990020-1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-5107%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-19T10%3A42%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Y6X5DAKK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dauer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDauer%2C%20A.%2C%20Metzner%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Schimmer%2C%20O.%20%281998%29.%20Proanthocyanidins%20from%20the%20bark%20of%20Hamamelis%20virginiana%20exhibit%20antimutagenic%20properties%20against%20nitroaromatic%20compounds.%20%3Ci%3EPlanta%20Medica%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E64%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20324%26%23x2013%3B327.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1055%5C%2Fs-2006-957443%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1055%5C%2Fs-2006-957443%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Proanthocyanidins%20from%20the%20bark%20of%20Hamamelis%20virginiana%20exhibit%20antimutagenic%20properties%20against%20nitroaromatic%20compounds%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dauer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metzner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schimmer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20antimutagenic%20activity%20of%20Hamamelis%20virginiana%20bark%20was%20examined%20in%20the%20Ames%20assay.%20A%20commercial%20tincture%20and%20a%20methanolic%20extract%20showed%20dose-dependent%20inhibitory%20effects%20on%20mutagenicity%20induced%20by%202-nitrofluorene.%20Tannin-free%20samples%20did%20not%20display%20any%20inhibition.%20Bioassay-guided%20fractionation%20resulted%20in%20the%20isolation%20of%20two%20active%20fractions%20which%20were%20shown%20to%20contain%20oligomeric%2C%20proanthocyanidins.%20They%20were%20capable%20of%20inhibiting%20the%20mutagenicity%20of%20selected%20nitroaromatic%20compounds.%20The%20mechanism%20of%20antimutagenic%20action%20was%20also%20studied.%20The%20proanthocyanidins%20did%20not%20act%20as%20bioantimutagens%2C%20but%20rather%20as%20direct-acting%20desmutagens.%20The%20antimutagenic%20effect%20increased%20with%20an%20increasing%20degree%20of%20polymerisation%20in%20the%20proanthocyanidins.%20The%20most%20active%20fraction%20consisted%20of%20catechin%20and%20gallocatechin%20oligomers%20with%20an%20average%20polymerisation%20degree%20of%209.2.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%201998%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1055%5C%2Fs-2006-957443%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220032-0943%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-19T10%3A42%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YPY56U87%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-09-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPolyphenole .%20%282019%29.%20In%20%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Retrieved%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fde.wikipedia.org%5C%2Fw%5C%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPolyphenole %26oldid%3D192092237%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fde.wikipedia.org%5C%2Fw%5C%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPolyphenole %26oldid%3D192092237%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22encyclopediaArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Polyphenole %22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Polyphenole %20sind%20aromatische%20Verbindungen%2C%20die%20zwei%20oder%20mehr%20direkt%20an%20einen%20aromatischen%20Ring%20gebundene%20Hydroxygruppen%20enthalten%3B%20der%20Name%20ist%20abgeleitet%20von%20Phenol%2C%20mit%20dem%20Vorsatz%20Poly-%20f%5Cu00fcr%20%5Cu201aviel%5Cu2018.%5CnNat%5Cu00fcrliche%20Polyphenole %20kommen%20in%20Pflanzen%20als%20sekund%5Cu00e4re%20Pflanzenstoffe%20vor.%20Sie%20stellen%20bioaktive%20Substanzen%20wie%20Farbstoffe%2C%20Geschmacksstoffe%20und%20Tannine%20dar%20und%20sollen%20die%20Pflanze%20vor%20Fra%5Cu00dffeinden%20%28Pr%5Cu00e4datoren%29%20sch%5Cu00fctzen%20oder%20durch%20ihre%20Farbe%20Insekten%20zur%20Best%5Cu00e4ubung%20anlocken.%20Manchen%20Pflanzen%20dienen%20Polyphenole %20aufgrund%20ihrer%20antioxidativen%20Wirkung%20und%20der%20Filterung%20energiereicher%20UV-B-Strahlung%20auch%20als%20Schutz%20f%5Cu00fcr%20den%20Photosynthese-Apparat.%20Weiterhin%20sind%20Polyphenole %20Grundbausteine%20wichtiger%20Biopolymere%20wie%20Lignin%20und%20Suberin.%5CnZu%20den%20Polyphenole n%20z%5Cu00e4hlen%20zahlreiche%20unterschiedliche%20Pflanzenstoffe%2C%20beispielsweise%20die%20Farbstoffe%20der%20Flavonoide%20und%20Anthocyane%2C%20Procyanidine%2C%20Benzoes%5Cu00e4urederivate%20%28z.%20B.%20die%20Hydroxybenzoes%5Cu00e4uren%20wie%20Vanillins%5Cu00e4ure%2C%20die%20Trihydroxybenzoes%5Cu00e4uren%20wie%20Galluss%5Cu00e4ure%20und%20die%20Dihydroxybenzoes%5Cu00e4uren%20wie%20Protocatechus%5Cu00e4ure%29%2C%20Zimts%5Cu00e4urederivate%20%28die%20Hydroxyzimts%5Cu00e4uren%20wie%20Kaffees%5Cu00e4ure%20und%20p-Cumars%5Cu00e4ure%29%20und%20Stilbenderivate%20%28etwa%20Resveratrol%29.%22%2C%22encyclopediaTitle%22%3A%22Wikipedia%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-09-08T18%3A49%3A18Z%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fde.wikipedia.org%5C%2Fw%5C%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPolyphenole %26oldid%3D192092237%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%2C%22J5AD6TEZ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-19T09%3A37%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225S3Y64EQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Aviram%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAviram%2C%20M.%2C%20Rosenblat%2C%20M.%2C%20Gaitini%2C%20D.%2C%20Nitecki%2C%20S.%2C%20Hoffman%2C%20A.%2C%20Dornfeld%2C%20L.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Hayek%2C%20T.%20%282004%29.%20Pomegranate%20juice%20consumption%20for%203%20years%20by%20patients%20with%20carotid%20artery%20stenosis%20reduces%20common%20carotid%20intima-media%20thickness%2C%20blood%20pressure%20and%20LDL%20oxidation.%20%3Ci%3EClinical%20Nutrition%20%28Edinburgh%2C%20Scotland%29%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20423%26%23x2013%3B433.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.clnu.2003.10.002%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.clnu.2003.10.002%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Pomegranate%20juice%20consumption%20for%203%20years%20by%20patients%20with%20carotid%20artery%20stenosis%20reduces%20common%20carotid%20intima-media%20thickness%2C%20blood%20pressure%20and%20LDL%20oxidation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aviram%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosenblat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Diana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gaitini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nitecki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aaron%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Leslie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dornfeld%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Volkova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Presser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Judith%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Attias%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harley%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tony%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hayek%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Dietary%20supplementation%20with%20polyphenolic%20antioxidants%20to%20animals%20was%20shown%20to%20be%20associated%20with%20inhibition%20of%20LDL%20oxidation%20and%20macrophage%20foam%20cell%20formation%2C%20and%20attenuation%20of%20atherosclerosis%20development.%20We%20investigated%20the%20effects%20of%20pomegranate%20juice%20%28PJ%2C%20which%20contains%20potent%20tannins%20and%20anthocyanins%29%20consumption%20by%20atherosclerotic%20patients%20with%20carotid%20artery%20stenosis%20%28CAS%29%20on%20the%20progression%20of%20carotid%20lesions%20and%20changes%20in%20oxidative%20stress%20and%20blood%20pressure.%20Ten%20patients%20were%20supplemented%20with%20PJ%20for%201%20year%20and%20five%20of%20them%20continued%20for%20up%20to%203%20years.%20Blood%20samples%20were%20collected%20before%20treatment%20and%20during%20PJ%20consumption.%20In%20the%20control%20group%20that%20did%20not%20consume%20PJ%2C%20common%20carotid%20intima-media%20thickness%20%28IMT%29%20increased%20by%209%25%20during%201%20year%2C%20whereas%2C%20PJ%20consumption%20resulted%20in%20a%20significant%20IMT%20reduction%2C%20by%20up%20to%2030%25%2C%20after%201%20year.%20The%20patients%27%20serum%20paraoxonase%201%20%28PON%201%29%20activity%20was%20increased%20by%2083%25%2C%20whereas%20serum%20LDL%20basal%20oxidative%20state%20and%20LDL%20susceptibility%20to%20copper%20ion-induced%20oxidation%20were%20both%20significantly%20reduced%2C%20by%2090%25%20and%2059%25%2C%20respectively%2C%20after%2012%20months%20of%20PJ%20consumption%2C%20compared%20to%20values%20obtained%20before%20PJ%20consumption.%20Furthermore%2C%20serum%20levels%20of%20antibodies%20against%20oxidized%20LDL%20were%20decreased%20by%2019%25%2C%20and%20in%20parallel%20serum%20total%20antioxidant%20status%20%28TAS%29%20was%20increased%20by%20130%25%20after%201%20year%20of%20PJ%20consumption.%20Systolic%20blood%20pressure%20was%20reduced%20after%201%20year%20of%20PJ%20consumption%20by%2012%25%20%5Bcorrected%5D%20and%20was%20not%20further%20reduced%20along%203%20years%20of%20PJ%20consumption.%20For%20all%20studied%20parameters%2C%20the%20maximal%20effects%20were%20observed%20after%201%20year%20of%20PJ%20consumption.%20Further%20consumption%20of%20PJ%2C%20for%20up%20to%203%20years%2C%20had%20no%20additional%20beneficial%20effects%20on%20IMT%20and%20serum%20PON1%20activity%2C%20whereas%20serum%20lipid%20peroxidation%20was%20further%20reduced%20by%20up%20to%2016%25%20after%203%20years%20of%20PJ%20consumption.%20The%20results%20of%20the%20present%20study%20thus%20suggest%20that%20PJ%20consumption%20by%20patients%20with%20CAS%20decreases%20carotid%20IMT%20and%20systolic%20blood%20pressure%20and%20these%20effects%20could%20be%20related%20to%20the%20potent%20antioxidant%20characteristics%20of%20PJ%20polyphenols.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202004%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.clnu.2003.10.002%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220261-5614%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-18T11%3A29%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VSL54IL4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lansky%20and%20Newman%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-01-19%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELansky%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Newman%2C%20R.%20A.%20%282007%29.%20Punica%20granatum%20%28pomegranate%29%20and%20its%20potential%20for%20prevention%20and%20treatment%20of%20inflammation%20and%20cancer.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Ethnopharmacology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E109%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20177%26%23x2013%3B206.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jep.2006.09.006%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jep.2006.09.006%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Punica%20granatum%20%28pomegranate%29%20and%20its%20potential%20for%20prevention%20and%20treatment%20of%20inflammation%20and%20cancer%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ephraim%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lansky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Newman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20last%207%20years%20have%20seen%20over%20seven%20times%20as%20many%20publications%20indexed%20by%20Medline%20dealing%20with%20pomegranate%20and%20Punica%20granatum%20than%20in%20all%20the%20years%20preceding%20them.%20Because%20of%20this%2C%20and%20the%20virtual%20explosion%20of%20interest%20in%20pomegranate%20as%20a%20medicinal%20and%20nutritional%20product%20that%20has%20followed%2C%20this%20review%20is%20accordingly%20launched.%20The%20pomegranate%20tree%2C%20Punica%20granatum%2C%20especially%20its%20fruit%2C%20possesses%20a%20vast%20ethnomedical%20history%20and%20represents%20a%20phytochemical%20reservoir%20of%20heuristic%20medicinal%20value.%20The%20tree%5C%2Ffruit%20can%20be%20divided%20into%20several%20anatomical%20compartments%3A%20%281%29%20seed%2C%20%282%29%20juice%2C%20%283%29%20peel%2C%20%284%29%20leaf%2C%20%285%29%20flower%2C%20%286%29%20bark%2C%20and%20%287%29%20roots%2C%20each%20of%20which%20has%20interesting%20pharmacologic%20activity.%20Juice%20and%20peels%2C%20for%20example%2C%20possess%20potent%20antioxidant%20properties%2C%20while%20juice%2C%20peel%20and%20oil%20are%20all%20weakly%20estrogenic%20and%20heuristically%20of%20interest%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20menopausal%20symptoms%20and%20sequellae.%20The%20use%20of%20juice%2C%20peel%20and%20oil%20have%20also%20been%20shown%20to%20possess%20anticancer%20activities%2C%20including%20interference%20with%20tumor%20cell%20proliferation%2C%20cell%20cycle%2C%20invasion%20and%20angiogenesis.%20These%20may%20be%20associated%20with%20plant%20based%20anti-inflammatory%20effects%2C%20The%20phytochemistry%20and%20pharmacological%20actions%20of%20all%20Punica%20granatum%20components%20suggest%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20clinical%20applications%20for%20the%20treatment%20and%20prevention%20of%20cancer%2C%20as%20well%20as%20other%20diseases%20where%20chronic%20inflammation%20is%20believed%20to%20play%20an%20essential%20etiologic%20role.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jan%2019%2C%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jep.2006.09.006%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220378-8741%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-18T09%3A43%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PFW8J6N7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Maghrani%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-08-22%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMaghrani%2C%20M.%2C%20Zeggwagh%2C%20N.-A.%2C%20Michel%2C%20J.-B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Eddouks%2C%20M.%20%282005%29.%20Antihypertensive%20effect%20of%20Lepidium%20sativum%20L.%20in%20spontaneously%20hypertensive%20rats.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Ethnopharmacology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E100%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%26%23x2013%3B2%29%2C%20193%26%23x2013%3B197.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jep.2005.02.024%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jep.2005.02.024%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Antihypertensive%20effect%20of%20Lepidium%20sativum%20L.%20in%20spontaneously%20hypertensive%20rats%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mhamed%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maghrani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Naoufel-Ali%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zeggwagh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean-Baptiste%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Michel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mohamed%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eddouks%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20antihypertensive%20and%20diuretic%20effects%20of%20the%20aqueous%20extract%20of%20Lepidium%20sativum%20L.%20%28LS%29%20were%20studied%20both%20in%20normotensive%20%28WKY%29%20and%20spontaneously%20hypertensive%20rats%20%28SHR%29.%20Daily%20oral%20administration%20of%20the%20aqueous%20LS%20extract%20%2820mg%5C%2Fkg%20for%203%20weeks%29%20exhibited%20a%20significant%20decrease%20in%20blood%20pressure%20%28p%3C0.01%29%20in%20SHR%20rats%20while%20in%20WKY%20rats%2C%20no%20significant%20change%20was%20noted%20during%20the%20period%20of%20treatment.%20The%20systolic%20blood%20pressure%20was%20decreased%20significantly%20from%20the%207th%20day%20%28p%3C0.05%29%20to%20the%20end%20of%20treatment%20%28p%3C0.01%29%20in%20SHR%20rats.%20The%20aqueous%20LS%20extract%20enhanced%20significantly%20the%20water%20excretion%20in%20WKY%20rats%20%28p%3C0.001%29%20but%20no%20statistically%20significant%20change%20was%20observed%20in%20SHR%20rats.%20Furthermore%2C%20oral%20administration%20of%20aqueous%20LS%20extract%20at%20a%20dose%20of%2020mg%5C%2Fkg%20produced%20a%20significant%20increase%20of%20urinary%20excretion%20of%20sodium%20%28p%3C0.05%29%2C%20potassium%20%28p%3C0.01%29%20and%20chlorides%20%28p%3C0.01%29%20in%20WKY%20rats.%20In%20spontaneously%20hypertensive%20rats%2C%20the%20aqueous%20LS%20extract%20administration%20induced%20a%20significant%20increase%20of%20urinary%20elimination%20of%20sodium%20%28p%3C0.01%29%2C%20potassium%20%28p%3C0.001%29%20and%20chlorides%20%28p%3C0.001%29.%20Glomerular%20filtration%20rate%20showed%20a%20significant%20increase%20after%20oral%20administration%20of%20LS%20in%20normal%20rats%20%28p%3C0.001%29%20while%20in%20SHR%20rats%2C%20no%20significant%20change%20was%20noted%20during%20the%20period%20of%20treatment.%20Furthermore%2C%20no%20significant%20changes%20were%20noted%20on%20heart%20rate%20after%20LS%20treatment%20in%20SHR%20as%20well%20as%20in%20WKY%20rats.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20daily%20oral%20administration%20of%20aqueous%20LS%20extract%20for%203%20weeks%20exhibited%20antihypertensive%20and%20diuretic%20activities.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%2022%2C%202005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jep.2005.02.024%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220378-8741%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-13T15%3A14%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229K5RH6YG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nagata%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENagata%2C%20N.%2C%20Xu%2C%20L.%2C%20Kohno%2C%20S.%2C%20Ushida%2C%20Y.%2C%20Aoki%2C%20Y.%2C%20Umeda%2C%20R.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Ota%2C%20T.%20%282017%29.%20Glucoraphanin%20Ameliorates%20Obesity%20and%20Insulin%20Resistance%20Through%20Adipose%20Tissue%20Browning%20and%20Reduction%20of%20Metabolic%20Endotoxemia%20in%20Mice.%20%3Ci%3EDiabetes%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E66%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%201222%26%23x2013%3B1236.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2337%5C%2Fdb16-0662%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2337%5C%2Fdb16-0662%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Glucoraphanin%20Ameliorates%20Obesity%20and%20Insulin%20Resistance%20Through%20Adipose%20Tissue%20Browning%20and%20Reduction%20of%20Metabolic%20Endotoxemia%20in%20Mice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Naoto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nagata%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susumu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kohno%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yusuke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ushida%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yudai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aoki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ryohei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Umeda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nobuo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fuke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhuge%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yinhua%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ni%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mayumi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nagashimada%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chiaki%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Takahashi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hiroyuki%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Suganuma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shuichi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kaneko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tsuguhito%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ota%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Low-grade%20sustained%20inflammation%20links%20obesity%20to%20insulin%20resistance%20and%20nonalcoholic%20fatty%20liver%20disease%20%28NAFLD%29.%20However%2C%20therapeutic%20approaches%20to%20improve%20systemic%20energy%20balance%20and%20chronic%20inflammation%20in%20obesity%20are%20limited.%20Pharmacological%20activation%20of%20nuclear%20factor%20%28erythroid-derived%202%29-like%202%20%28Nrf2%29%20alleviates%20obesity%20and%20insulin%20resistance%20in%20mice%3B%20however%2C%20Nrf2%20inducers%20are%20not%20clinically%20available%20owing%20to%20safety%20concerns.%20Thus%2C%20we%20examined%20whether%20dietary%20glucoraphanin%2C%20a%20stable%20precursor%20of%20the%20Nrf2%20inducer%20sulforaphane%2C%20ameliorates%20systemic%20energy%20balance%2C%20chronic%20inflammation%2C%20insulin%20resistance%2C%20and%20NAFLD%20in%20high-fat%20diet%20%28HFD%29-fed%20mice.%20Glucoraphanin%20supplementation%20attenuated%20weight%20gain%2C%20decreased%20hepatic%20steatosis%2C%20and%20improved%20glucose%20tolerance%20and%20insulin%20sensitivity%20in%20HFD-fed%20wild-type%20mice%20but%20not%20in%20HFD-fed%20Nrf2%20knockout%20mice.%20Compared%20with%20vehicle-treated%20controls%2C%20glucoraphanin-treated%20HFD-fed%20mice%20had%20lower%20plasma%20lipopolysaccharide%20levels%20and%20decreased%20relative%20abundance%20of%20the%20gram-negative%20bacteria%20family%20Desulfovibrionaceae%20in%20their%20gut%20microbiomes.%20In%20HFD-fed%20mice%2C%20glucoraphanin%20increased%20energy%20expenditure%20and%20the%20protein%20expression%20of%20uncoupling%20protein%201%20%28Ucp1%29%20in%20inguinal%20and%20epididymal%20adipose%20depots.%20Additionally%2C%20in%20this%20group%2C%20glucoraphanin%20attenuated%20hepatic%20lipogenic%20gene%20expression%2C%20lipid%20peroxidation%2C%20classically%20activated%20M1-like%20macrophage%20accumulation%2C%20and%20inflammatory%20signaling%20pathways.%20By%20promoting%20fat%20browning%2C%20limiting%20metabolic%20endotoxemia-related%20chronic%20inflammation%2C%20and%20modulating%20redox%20stress%2C%20glucoraphanin%20may%20mitigate%20obesity%2C%20insulin%20resistance%2C%20and%20NAFLD.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2205%202017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2337%5C%2Fdb16-0662%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221939-327X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-11T17%3A13%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JQ7244W5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Marton%20et%20al.%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMarton%2C%20M.%2C%20Mandoki%2C%20Z.%2C%20Csapo-Kiss%2C%20Z.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Csapo%2C%20J.%20%28n.d.%29.%20%3Ci%3EThe%20role%20of%20sprouts%20in%20human%20nutrition.%20A%20review%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22manuscript%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20role%20of%20sprouts%20in%20human%20nutrition.%20A%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zs.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mandoki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zs.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Csapo-Kiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Csapo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Based%20on%20the%20data%20of%20the%20literature%20it%20can%20be%20stated%20that%20the%5Cnoriginal%20composition%20of%20the%20seeds%20essentially%20changes%20during%20germination.%5CnThe%20quantity%20of%20the%20protein%20fractions%20changes%2C%20the%20proportion%20of%20the%20ni-%5Cntrogen%20containing%20fractions%20shifts%20towards%20the%20smaller%20protein%20fractions%2C%5Cnoligopeptides%20and%20free%20amino%20acids.%20Beyond%20this%20changes%20the%20quantity%20of%5Cnthe%20amino%20acids%20%28some%20of%20them%20increase%2C%20others%20decrease%20or%20do%20not%20alter%29%5Cnduring%20germination%2C%20and%20nonprotein%20amino%20acids%20also%20are%20produced.%20In%5Cnconsequence%20of%20these%20changes%2C%20the%20biological%20value%20of%20the%20sprout%20protein%5Cnincrease%2C%20and%20greater%20digestibility%20was%20established%20in%20animal%20experiments.%5CnThe%20composition%20of%20the%20triglycerides%20also%20changes%2C%20owing%20to%20hydrolysis%20free%5Cnfatty%20acids%20originate%2C%20that%20can%20be%20considered%20as%20a%20certain%20kind%20of%20prediges-%5Cntion.%20Generally%2C%20the%20ratio%20of%20the%20saturated%20fatty%20acids%20increases%20compared%5CnKey%20words%20and%20phrases%3A%20sprouts%2C%20anticarcinogen%20e%5Cu00aeect%2C%20chemical%20changes%20during%20ger-%5Cnmination%2C%20fat%20content%2C%20fatty%20acid%20composition%2C%20protein%20content%2C%20amino%20acid%20composition%2C%5Cncarbohydrate%20content%2C%20antinutritive%20materials%20to%20unsaturated%20fatty%20acids%2C%20and%20the%20ratio%20within%20the%20unsaturated%20fatty%5Cnacids%20shifts%20to%20the%20essential%20linoleic%20acid.%20The%20quantity%20of%20the%20antinutritive%5Cnmaterials%20decreases%2C%20and%20the%20utilization%20of%20the%20macro%20and%20micro%20elements%5Cnis%20increased%20owing%20to%20germination.%20Furthermore%20the%20sprouts%20contain%20many%5Cnsuch%20materials%20%28sulphoraphane%2C%20sulphoraphene%2C%20isothiocyanates%2C%20glucosi-%5Cnnolates%2C%20enzymes%2C%20antioxidants%2C%20vitamins%29%20that%20are%20proved%20to%20be%20e%5Cu00aeective%5Cnin%20the%20prevention%20of%20cancer%2C%20or%20in%20the%20therapy%20against%20cancer.%22%2C%22manuscriptType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-09T15%3A36%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22X5HD65JF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Chavan%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChavan%2C%20U.%20D.%20%282018%29.%20%3Ci%3EPhenolic%3A%20antioxidants%20and%20health%20benefits%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Jodhpur%2C%20India%3A%20Scientific%20Publishers.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Phenolic%3A%20antioxidants%20and%20health%20benefits%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chavan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-93-86652-13-3%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-09T13%3A41%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228FGUBCFA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Greger%20and%20Stone%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGreger%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Stone%2C%20G.%20%282018%29.%20%3Ci%3EHow%20not%20to%20die%3A%20discover%20the%20foods%20scientifically%20proven%20to%20prevent%20and%20reverse%20disease%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22How%20not%20to%20die%3A%20discover%20the%20foods%20scientifically%20proven%20to%20prevent%20and%20reverse%20disease%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Greger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gene%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stone%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-1-5098-5250-5%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GIMJ2TS8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-12-31T12%3A38%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K24BJRHM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ornish%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221990-07-21%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EOrnish%2C%20D.%2C%20Brown%2C%20S.%20E.%2C%20Scherwitz%2C%20L.%20W.%2C%20Billings%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Armstrong%2C%20W.%20T.%2C%20Ports%2C%20T.%20A.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Gould%2C%20K.%20L.%20%281990%29.%20Can%20lifestyle%20changes%20reverse%20coronary%20heart%20disease%3F%20The%20Lifestyle%20Heart%20Trial.%20%3Ci%3ELancet%20%28London%2C%20England%29%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E336%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288708%29%2C%20129%26%23x2013%3B133.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2F0140-6736%2890%2991656-u%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2F0140-6736%2890%2991656-u%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Can%20lifestyle%20changes%20reverse%20coronary%20heart%20disease%3F%20The%20Lifestyle%20Heart%20Trial%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ornish%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherwitz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Billings%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Armstrong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ports%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLanahan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kirkeeide%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gould%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20a%20prospective%2C%20randomised%2C%20controlled%20trial%20to%20determine%20whether%20comprehensive%20lifestyle%20changes%20affect%20coronary%20atherosclerosis%20after%201%20year%2C%2028%20patients%20were%20assigned%20to%20an%20experimental%20group%20%28low-fat%20vegetarian%20diet%2C%20stopping%20smoking%2C%20stress%20management%20training%2C%20and%20moderate%20exercise%29%20and%2020%20to%20a%20usual-care%20control%20group.%20195%20coronary%20artery%20lesions%20were%20analysed%20by%20quantitative%20coronary%20angiography.%20The%20average%20percentage%20diameter%20stenosis%20regressed%20from%2040.0%20%28SD%2016.9%29%25%20to%2037.8%20%2816.5%29%25%20in%20the%20experimental%20group%20yet%20progressed%20from%2042.7%20%2815.5%29%25%20to%2046.1%20%2818.5%29%25%20in%20the%20control%20group.%20When%20only%20lesions%20greater%20than%2050%25%20stenosed%20were%20analysed%2C%20the%20average%20percentage%20diameter%20stenosis%20regressed%20from%2061.1%20%288.8%29%25%20to%2055.8%20%2811.0%29%25%20in%20the%20experimental%20group%20and%20progressed%20from%2061.7%20%289.5%29%25%20to%2064.4%20%2816.3%29%25%20in%20the%20control%20group.%20Overall%2C%2082%25%20of%20experimental-group%20patients%20had%20an%20average%20change%20towards%20regression.%20Comprehensive%20lifestyle%20changes%20may%20be%20able%20to%20bring%20about%20regression%20of%20even%20severe%20coronary%20atherosclerosis%20after%20only%201%20year%2C%20without%20use%20of%20lipid-lowering%20drugs.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%2021%2C%201990%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2F0140-6736%2890%2991656-u%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220140-6736%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-12-31T11%3A39%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WI3WWWEI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Celik%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECelik%2C%20A.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Low%20Carb%20Di%26%23xE4%3Bt%20%5BStudien%20Ern%26%23xE4%3Bhrung%20Sport%5D.%20Retrieved%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fvitalinstitut.net%5C%2Flow-carb-diaet%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fvitalinstitut.net%5C%2Flow-carb-diaet%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Low%20Carb%20Di%5Cu00e4t%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adem%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Celik%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Die%20Low-Carb%20Di%5Cu00e4t%20-%20Informationen%20und%20Studien%20zur%20kohlenhydratarmen%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrung%5Cn%5CnLow%20Carb%20Di%5Cu00e4t%5Cn%5CnAbnehmen%20ohne%20starkes%20Hungergef%5Cu00fchl%20%5Cu2013%20dies%20ist%20nur%20ein%20versprechen%20der%20Low-Carb-Di%5Cu00e4t.%20Doch%20reicht%20ein%20Verzicht%20auf%20Lebensmittel%20wie%20Brot%2C%20Reis%20oder%20Nudeln%20aus%2C%20um%20am%20Ende%20abnehmen%20zu%20k%5Cu00f6nnen%3F%20Sidn%20Fleisch%2C%20Milchprodukte%20und%20Gem%5Cu00fcse%20als%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrung%20ausreichend%20oder%20kann%20diese%20Art%20zu%20Essen%20unsere%20Gesundheit%20beeintr%5Cu00e4chtigen%3F%20In%20diesem%20Artikel%20widmen%20wir%20uns%20auf%20Basis%20wissenschaftlicher%20Studien%20dem%20Thema%20Low-Carb-Di%5Cu00e4t%20und%20zeigen%20auf%2C%20wie%20sich%20damit%20abnehmen%20l%5Cu00e4sst.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fvitalinstitut.net%5C%2Flow-carb-diaet%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-12-30T19%3A08%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MWGTQLSJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Graham%20and%20Unimedica%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGraham%2C%20D.%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Unimedica.%20%282015%29.%20%3Ci%3EDie%2080%5C%2F10%5C%2F10%20Di%26%23xE4%3Bt%20Die%20revolution%26%23xE4%3Bre%20High-Carb-Formel%20-%20rohvegan%20und%20fettarm%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Kandern%3A%20Unimedica%20ein%20Imprint%20der%20Narayana%20Verlag.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Die%2080%5C%2F10%5C%2F10%20Di%5Cu00e4t%20Die%20revolution%5Cu00e4re%20High-Carb-Formel%20-%20rohvegan%20und%20fettarm%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Douglas%20N%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Graham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Unimedica%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22German%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-944125-52-7%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GIMJ2TS8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-12-30T18%3A42%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225WMCZ9VE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McDougall%20and%20McDougall%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMcDougall%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20McDougall%2C%20M.%20%282015%29.%20%3Ci%3EDie%20High-Carb-Di%26%23xE4%3Bt%3A%20Abnehmen%20mit%20den%20richtigen%20Kohlenhydraten%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%281.%20Aufl%29.%20M%26%23xFC%3Bnchen%3A%20riva.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Die%20High-Carb-Di%5Cu00e4t%3A%20Abnehmen%20mit%20den%20richtigen%20Kohlenhydraten%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDougall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mary%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDougall%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Kohlenhydrate%20wurden%20in%20den%20letzten%20Jahren%20in%20fast%20jeder%20Di%5Cu00e4t%20verteufelt%20IBM%20ob%20es%20nun%20Atkins%2C%20Dukan%2C%20Low%20Carb%20oder%20eine%20andere%20empfohlene%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrungsform%20war.%20Kohlenhydrathaltige%20Lebensmittel%20galten%20als%20wertlose%20Dickmacher%20IBM%20und%20dennoch%20sehnten%20sich%20unz%5Cu00e4hlige%20Abnehmwillige%20danach.%20Mit%20der%20High-Carb-Di%5Cu00e4t%20stellen%20der%20Bestsellerautor%20und%20Internist%20John%20A.%20McDougall%20und%20seine%20Frau%20diese%20Theorie%20nun%20auf%20den%20Kopf.%20Das%20Konzept%20basiert%20auf%20einem%20einfachen%20Dreh%3A%20Dem%20K%5Cu00f6rper%20werden%20prim%5Cu00e4r%20Kohlenhydrate%20statt%20Proteine%20und%20Fett%20zugef%5Cu00fchrt%2C%20was%20wiederum%20zu%20Gewichtsverlust%20f%5Cu00fchrt%20und%20einer%20Reihe%20von%20Krankheiten%20vorbeugt.%20Die%20High-Carb-Di%5Cu00e4t%20hilft%20dem%20Leser%20mit%20einem%207-Tage-Plan%2C%20zahlreichen%20Tipps%20und%20%5Cu00fcber%20100%20leckeren%20Rezepten%2C%20dieses%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrungskonzept%20im%20Alltag%20umzusetzen.%20Eine%20durch%20und%20durch%20gesunde%2C%20auf%20pflanzlicher%20Ern%5Cu00e4hrung%20basierende%20Di%5Cu00e4t%20f%5Cu00fcr%20mehr%20Wohlbefinden%20und%20einen%20dauerhaften%20Gewichtsverlust%20und%20unersetzlich%20f%5Cu00fcr%20alle%2C%20die%20sich%20vegetarisch%20oder%20vegan%20ern%5Cu00e4hren.%20%5BVerlagstext%5D%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22ger%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-86883-577-9%20978-3-86413-965-9%20978-3-86413-966-6%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22GIMJ2TS8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-12-30T18%3A40%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22B6BKTRLH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cornier%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECornier%2C%20M.-A.%2C%20Donahoo%2C%20W.%20T.%2C%20Pereira%2C%20R.%2C%20Gurevich%2C%20I.%2C%20Westergren%2C%20R.%2C%20Enerback%2C%20S.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Draznin%2C%20B.%20%282005%29.%20Insulin%20sensitivity%20determines%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20dietary%20macronutrient%20composition%20on%20weight%20loss%20in%20obese%20women.%20%3Ci%3EObesity%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E13%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20703%26%23x2013%3B709.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Foby.2005.79%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Foby.2005.79%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Insulin%20sensitivity%20determines%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20dietary%20macronutrient%20composition%20on%20weight%20loss%20in%20obese%20women%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marc-Andre%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cornier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20Troy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Donahoo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rocio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pereira%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Inga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gurevich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rickard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westergren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sven%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Enerback%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eckel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marc%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goalstone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eckel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Boris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Draznin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22OBJECTIVE%3A%20To%20determine%20whether%20macronutrient%20composition%20of%20a%20hypocaloric%20diet%20can%20enhance%20its%20effectiveness%20and%20whether%20insulin%20sensitivity%20%28Si%29%20affects%20the%20response%20to%20hypocaloric%20diets.%5CnRESEARCH%20METHODS%20AND%20PROCEDURES%3A%20Obese%20nondiabetic%20insulin-sensitive%20%28fasting%20insulin%20%3C%2010%20microU%5C%2FmL%3B%20n%20%3D%2012%29%20and%20obese%20nondiabetic%20insulin-resistant%20%28fasting%20insulin%20%3E%2015%20microU%5C%2FmL%3B%20n%20%3D%209%29%20women%20%2823%20to%2053%20years%20old%29%20were%20randomized%20to%20either%20a%20high%20carbohydrate%20%28CHO%29%20%28HC%29%5C%2Flow%20fat%20%28LF%29%20%2860%25%20CHO%2C%2020%25%20fat%29%20or%20low%20CHO%20%28LC%29%5C%2Fhigh%20fat%20%28HF%29%20%2840%25%20CHO%2C%2040%25%20fat%29%20hypocaloric%20diet.%20Primary%20outcome%20measures%20after%20a%2016-week%20dietary%20intervention%20were%3A%20changes%20in%20body%20weight%20%28BW%29%2C%20Si%2C%20resting%20metabolic%20rate%2C%20and%20fasting%20lipids.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Insulin-sensitive%20women%20on%20the%20HC%5C%2FLF%20diet%20lost%2013.5%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.2%25%20%28p%20%3C%200.001%29%20of%20their%20initial%20BW%2C%20whereas%20those%20on%20the%20LC%5C%2FHF%20diet%20lost%206.8%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.2%25%20%28p%20%3C%200.001%3B%20p%20%3C%200.002%20between%20the%20groups%29.%20In%20contrast%2C%20among%20the%20insulin-resistant%20women%2C%20those%20on%20the%20LC%5C%2FHF%20diet%20lost%2013.4%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.3%25%20%28p%20%3C%200.001%29%20of%20their%20initial%20BW%20as%20compared%20with%208.5%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.4%25%20%28p%20%3C%200.001%29%20lost%20by%20those%20on%20the%20HC%5C%2FLF%20diet%20%28p%20%3C%200.04%20between%20two%20groups%29.%20These%20differences%20could%20not%20be%20explained%20by%20changes%20in%20resting%20metabolic%20rate%2C%20activity%2C%20or%20intake.%20Overall%2C%20changes%20in%20Si%20were%20associated%20with%20the%20degree%20of%20weight%20loss%20%28r%20%3D%20-0.57%2C%20p%20%3C%200.05%29.%5CnDISCUSSION%3A%20The%20state%20of%20Si%20determines%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20macronutrient%20composition%20of%20hypocaloric%20diets%20in%20obese%20women.%20For%20maximal%20benefit%2C%20the%20macronutrient%20composition%20of%20a%20hypocaloric%20diet%20may%20need%20to%20be%20adjusted%20to%20correspond%20to%20the%20state%20of%20Si.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%202005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Foby.2005.79%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221071-7323%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-12-30T18%3A36%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AYA2AIF9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kodama%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKodama%2C%20S.%2C%20Saito%2C%20K.%2C%20Tanaka%2C%20S.%2C%20Maki%2C%20M.%2C%20Yachi%2C%20Y.%2C%20Sato%2C%20M.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Sone%2C%20H.%20%282009%29.%20Influence%20of%20fat%20and%20carbohydrate%20proportions%20on%20the%20metabolic%20profile%20in%20patients%20with%20type%202%20diabetes%3A%20a%20meta-analysis.%20%3Ci%3EDiabetes%20Care%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E32%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%20959%26%23x2013%3B965.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2337%5C%2Fdc08-1716%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2337%5C%2Fdc08-1716%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Influence%20of%20fat%20and%20carbohydrate%20proportions%20on%20the%20metabolic%20profile%20in%20patients%20with%20type%202%20diabetes%3A%20a%20meta-analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Satoru%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kodama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kazumi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shiro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tanaka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miho%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yoko%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yachi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mutsumi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sato%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ayumi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sugawara%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kumiko%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Totsuka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hitoshi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shimano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yasuo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ohashi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nobuhiro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yamada%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hirohito%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sone%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22OBJECTIVE%3A%20The%20effects%20of%20dietary%20macronutrient%20composition%20on%20metabolic%20profiles%20in%20patients%20with%20type%202%20diabetes%20have%20been%20inconsistent.%20This%20meta-analysis%20aimed%20to%20elucidate%20the%20effect%20of%20replacing%20dietary%20fat%20with%20carbohydrate%20on%20glucose%20and%20lipid%20parameters%20in%20patients%20with%20type%202%20diabetes.%5CnRESEARCH%20DESIGN%20AND%20METHODS%3A%20We%20searched%20for%20randomized%20trials%20that%20investigated%20the%20effects%20of%20two%20kinds%20of%20prescribed%20diets%20%28a%20low-fat%2C%20high-carbohydrate%20%5BLFHC%5D%20diet%20and%20a%20high-fat%2C%20low-carbohydrate%20%5BHFLC%5D%20diet%29%3B%20in%20these%20studies%2C%20energy%20and%20protein%20intake%20did%20not%20differ%20significantly%20between%20the%20two%20dietary%20groups.%20Nineteen%20studies%20that%20included%20306%20patients%20met%20our%20inclusion%20criteria.%20Median%20diet%20composition%20of%20carbohydrate%5C%2Ffat%20in%20the%20LFHC%20and%20HFLC%20diets%20was%2058%25%5C%2F24%25%20and%2040%25%5C%2F40%25%2C%20respectively.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Changes%20in%20values%20for%20A1C%2C%20fasting%20plasma%20glucose%20%28FPG%29%2C%20and%20total%20and%20LDL%20cholesterol%20did%20not%20differ%20significantly%20between%20the%20LFHC%20and%20HFLC%20groups.%20However%2C%20the%20LFHC%20diet%20significantly%20increased%20fasting%20insulin%20and%20triglycerides%20by%208%25%20%28P%20%3D%200.02%29%20and%2013%25%20%28P%20%3C%200.001%29%2C%20respectively%2C%20and%20lowered%20HDL%20cholesterol%20by%206%25%20%28P%20%3C%200.001%29%20compared%20with%20the%20HFLC%20diet.%20There%20were%20positive%20associations%20among%20the%20magnitude%20of%20changes%20in%20FPG%2C%20fasting%20insulin%2C%20and%20triglycerides%20for%20the%20diets%20analyzed.%20However%2C%20stratified%20analysis%20indicated%20that%20the%20increase%20in%20triglycerides%20was%20insignificant%20when%20accompanied%20by%20energy%20intake%20restriction.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20Our%20findings%20suggested%20that%20replacing%20fat%20with%20carbohydrate%20could%20deteriorate%20insulin%20resistance%20while%20the%20adverse%20effect%20on%20triglycerides%20from%20the%20LFHC%20diet%20could%20be%20avoided%20by%20restricting%20energy%20intake%20to%20a%20degree%20sufficient%20for%20the%20attainment%20of%20weight%20reduction.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2337%5C%2Fdc08-1716%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221935-5548%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-12-30T18%3A35%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229G2MGB7B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Volek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVolek%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Sharman%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20G%26%23xF3%3Bmez%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20DiPasquale%2C%20C.%2C%20Roti%2C%20M.%2C%20Pumerantz%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Kraemer%2C%20W.%20J.%20%282004%29.%20Comparison%20of%20a%20very%20low-carbohydrate%20and%20low-fat%20diet%20on%20fasting%20lipids%2C%20LDL%20subclasses%2C%20insulin%20resistance%2C%20and%20postprandial%20lipemic%20responses%20in%20overweight%20women.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20the%20American%20College%20of%20Nutrition%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20177%26%23x2013%3B184.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F07315724.2004.10719359%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F07315724.2004.10719359%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Comparison%20of%20a%20very%20low-carbohydrate%20and%20low-fat%20diet%20on%20fasting%20lipids%2C%20LDL%20subclasses%2C%20insulin%20resistance%2C%20and%20postprandial%20lipemic%20responses%20in%20overweight%20women%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeff%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Volek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sharman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ana%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f3mez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DiPasquale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pumerantz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kraemer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22OBJECTIVE%3A%20Very%20low-carbohydrate%20diets%20are%20widely%20used%20for%20weight%20loss%20yet%20few%20controlled%20studies%20have%20determined%20how%20these%20diets%20impact%20cardiovascular%20risk%20factors%20compared%20to%20more%20traditional%20low-fat%20weight%20loss%20diets.%20The%20primary%20purpose%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20compare%20a%20very%20low-carbohydrate%20and%20a%20low-fat%20diet%20on%20fasting%20blood%20lipids%2C%20LDL%20subclasses%2C%20postprandial%20lipemia%2C%20and%20insulin%20resistance%20in%20overweight%20and%20obese%20women.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20Thirteen%20normolipidemic%2C%20moderately%20overweight%20%28body%20fat%20%3E30%25%29%20women%20were%20prescribed%20two%20hypocaloric%20%28-500%20kcal%5C%2Fday%29%20diets%20for%204%20week%20periods%2C%20a%20very%20low-carbohydrate%20%28%3C10%25%20carbohydrate%29%20and%20a%20low-fat%20%28%3C30%25%20fat%29%20diet.%20The%20diets%20were%20consumed%20in%20a%20balanced%20and%20randomized%20fashion.%20Two%20fasting%20blood%20draws%20were%20performed%20on%20separate%20days%20and%20an%20oral%20fat%20tolerance%20test%20was%20performed%20at%20baseline%2C%20after%20the%20very%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%2C%20and%20after%20the%20low-fat%20diet.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Compared%20to%20corresponding%20values%20after%20the%20very%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%2C%20fasting%20total%20cholesterol%2C%20LDL-C%2C%20and%20HDL-C%20were%20significantly%20%28p%20%3C%20or%20%3D%200.05%29%20lower%2C%20whereas%20fasting%20glucose%2C%20insulin%2C%20and%20insulin%20resistance%20%28calculated%20using%20the%20homeostatic%20model%20assessment%29%20were%20significantly%20higher%20after%20the%20low-fat%20diet.%20Both%20diets%20significantly%20decreased%20postprandial%20lipemia%20and%20resulted%20in%20similar%20nonsignificant%20changes%20in%20the%20total%20cholesterol%5C%2FHDL-C%20ratio%2C%20fasting%20triacylglycerols%2C%20oxidized%20LDL%2C%20and%20LDL%20subclass%20distribution.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20Compared%20to%20a%20low-fat%20weight%20loss%20diet%2C%20a%20short-term%20very%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%20did%20not%20lower%20LDL-C%20but%20did%20prevent%20the%20decline%20in%20HDL-C%20and%20resulted%20in%20improved%20insulin%20sensitivity%20in%20overweight%20and%20obese%2C%20but%20otherwise%20healthy%20women.%20Small%20decreases%20in%20body%20mass%20improved%20postprandial%20lipemia%2C%20and%20therefore%20cardiovascular%20risk%2C%20independent%20of%20diet%20composition.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%202004%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F07315724.2004.10719359%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220731-5724%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-12-30T18%3A11%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XHFUP5VY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Foster%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-08-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFoster%2C%20G.%20D.%2C%20Wyatt%2C%20H.%20R.%2C%20Hill%2C%20J.%20O.%2C%20Makris%2C%20A.%20P.%2C%20Rosenbaum%2C%20D.%20L.%2C%20Brill%2C%20C.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Klein%2C%20S.%20%282010%29.%20Weight%20and%20metabolic%20outcomes%20after%202%20years%20on%20a%20low-carbohydrate%20versus%20low-fat%20diet%3A%20a%20randomized%20trial.%20%3Ci%3EAnnals%20of%20Internal%20Medicine%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E153%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20147%26%23x2013%3B157.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2F0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2F0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Weight%20and%20metabolic%20outcomes%20after%202%20years%20on%20a%20low-carbohydrate%20versus%20low-fat%20diet%3A%20a%20randomized%20trial%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Holly%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wyatt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Angela%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Makris%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Diane%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosenbaum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carrie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20Selma%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mohammed%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bernard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rader%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Babette%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zemel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wadden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tenhave%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Newcomb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samuel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klein%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Previous%20studies%20comparing%20low-carbohydrate%20and%20low-fat%20diets%20have%20not%20included%20a%20comprehensive%20behavioral%20treatment%2C%20resulting%20in%20suboptimal%20weight%20loss.%5CnOBJECTIVE%3A%20To%20evaluate%20the%20effects%20of%202-year%20treatment%20with%20a%20low-carbohydrate%20or%20low-fat%20diet%2C%20each%20of%20which%20was%20combined%20with%20a%20comprehensive%20lifestyle%20modification%20program.%5CnDESIGN%3A%20Randomized%20parallel-group%20trial.%20%28ClinicalTrials.gov%20registration%20number%3A%20NCT00143936%29%5CnSETTING%3A%203%20academic%20medical%20centers.%5CnPATIENTS%3A%20307%20participants%20with%20a%20mean%20age%20of%2045.5%20years%20%28SD%2C%209.7%20years%29%20and%20mean%20body%20mass%20index%20of%2036.1%20kg%5C%2Fm%282%29%20%28SD%2C%203.5%20kg%5C%2Fm%282%29%29.%5CnINTERVENTION%3A%20A%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%2C%20which%20consisted%20of%20limited%20carbohydrate%20intake%20%2820%20g%5C%2Fd%20for%203%20months%29%20in%20the%20form%20of%20low-glycemic%20index%20vegetables%20with%20unrestricted%20consumption%20of%20fat%20and%20protein.%20After%203%20months%2C%20participants%20in%20the%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%20group%20increased%20their%20carbohydrate%20intake%20%285%20g%5C%2Fd%20per%20wk%29%20until%20a%20stable%20and%20desired%20weight%20was%20achieved.%20A%20low-fat%20diet%20consisted%20of%20limited%20energy%20intake%20%281200%20to%201800%20kcal%5C%2Fd%3B%20%3Cor%3D30%25%20calories%20from%20fat%29.%20Both%20diets%20were%20combined%20with%20comprehensive%20behavioral%20treatment.%5CnMEASUREMENTS%3A%20Weight%20at%202%20years%20was%20the%20primary%20outcome.%20Secondary%20measures%20included%20weight%20at%203%2C%206%2C%20and%2012%20months%20and%20serum%20lipid%20concentrations%2C%20blood%20pressure%2C%20urinary%20ketones%2C%20symptoms%2C%20bone%20mineral%20density%2C%20and%20body%20composition%20throughout%20the%20study.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Weight%20loss%20was%20approximately%2011%20kg%20%2811%25%29%20at%201%20year%20and%207%20kg%20%287%25%29%20at%202%20years.%20There%20were%20no%20differences%20in%20weight%2C%20body%20composition%2C%20or%20bone%20mineral%20density%20between%20the%20groups%20at%20any%20time%20point.%20During%20the%20first%206%20months%2C%20the%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%20group%20had%20greater%20reductions%20in%20diastolic%20blood%20pressure%2C%20triglyceride%20levels%2C%20and%20very-low-density%20lipoprotein%20cholesterol%20levels%2C%20lesser%20reductions%20in%20low-density%20lipoprotein%20cholesterol%20levels%2C%20and%20more%20adverse%20symptoms%20than%20did%20the%20low-fat%20diet%20group.%20The%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%20group%20had%20greater%20increases%20in%20high-density%20lipoprotein%20cholesterol%20levels%20at%20all%20time%20points%2C%20approximating%20a%2023%25%20increase%20at%202%20years.%5CnLIMITATION%3A%20Intensive%20behavioral%20treatment%20was%20provided%2C%20patients%20with%20dyslipidemia%20and%20diabetes%20were%20excluded%2C%20and%20attrition%20at%202%20years%20was%20high.%5CnCONCLUSION%3A%20Successful%20weight%20loss%20can%20be%20achieved%20with%20either%20a%20low-fat%20or%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%20when%20coupled%20with%20behavioral%20treatment.%20A%20low-carbohydrate%20diet%20is%20associated%20with%20favorable%20changes%20in%20cardiovascular%20disease%20risk%20factors%20at%202%20years.%5CnPRIMARY%20FUNDING%20SOURCE%3A%20National%20Institutes%20of%20Health.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%2003%2C%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.7326%5C%2F0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221539-3704%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-12-29T19%3A13%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XFJW63NW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6247344%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Johnston%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-09-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJohnston%2C%20B.%20C.%2C%20Kanters%2C%20S.%2C%20Bandayrel%2C%20K.%2C%20Wu%2C%20P.%2C%20Naji%2C%20F.%2C%20Siemieniuk%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Mills%2C%20E.%20J.%20%282014%29.%20Comparison%20of%20weight%20loss%20among%20named%20diet%20programs%20in%20overweight%20and%20obese%20adults%3A%20a%20meta-analysis.%20%3Ci%3EJAMA%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E312%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%20923%26%23x2013%3B933.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1001%5C%2Fjama.2014.10397%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1001%5C%2Fjama.2014.10397%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Comparison%20of%20weight%20loss%20among%20named%20diet%20programs%20in%20overweight%20and%20obese%20adults%3A%20a%20meta-analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bradley%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steve%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kanters%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristofer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bandayrel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ping%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Faysal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Naji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reed%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siemieniuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Geoff%20D.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ball%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jason%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Busse%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thorlund%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gordon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guyatt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeroen%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Edward%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mills%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22IMPORTANCE%3A%20Many%20claims%20have%20been%20made%20regarding%20the%20superiority%20of%20one%20diet%20or%20another%20for%20inducing%20weight%20loss.%20Which%20diet%20is%20best%20remains%20unclear.%5CnOBJECTIVE%3A%20To%20determine%20weight%20loss%20outcomes%20for%20popular%20diets%20based%20on%20diet%20class%20%28macronutrient%20composition%29%20and%20named%20diet.%5CnDATA%20SOURCES%3A%20Search%20of%206%20electronic%20databases%3A%20AMED%2C%20CDSR%2C%20CENTRAL%2C%20CINAHL%2C%20EMBASE%2C%20and%20MEDLINE%20from%20inception%20of%20each%20database%20to%20April%202014.%5CnSTUDY%20SELECTION%3A%20Overweight%20or%20obese%20adults%20%28body%20mass%20index%20%5Cu226525%29%20randomized%20to%20a%20popular%20self-administered%20named%20diet%20and%20reporting%20weight%20or%20body%20mass%20index%20data%20at%203-month%20follow-up%20or%20longer.%5CnDATA%20EXTRACTION%20AND%20SYNTHESIS%3A%20Two%20reviewers%20independently%20extracted%20data%20on%20populations%2C%20interventions%2C%20outcomes%2C%20risk%20of%20bias%2C%20and%20quality%20of%20evidence.%20A%20Bayesian%20framework%20was%20used%20to%20perform%20a%20series%20of%20random-effects%20network%20meta-analyses%20with%20meta-regression%20to%20estimate%20the%20relative%20effectiveness%20of%20diet%20classes%20and%20programs%20for%20change%20in%20weight%20and%20body%20mass%20index%20from%20baseline.%20Our%20analyses%20adjusted%20for%20behavioral%20support%20and%20exercise.%5CnMAIN%20OUTCOMES%20AND%20MEASURES%3A%20Weight%20loss%20and%20body%20mass%20index%20at%206-%20and%2012-month%20follow-up%20%28%5Cu00b13%20months%20for%20both%20periods%29.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Among%2059%20eligible%20articles%20reporting%2048%20unique%20randomized%20trials%20%28including%207286%20individuals%29%20and%20compared%20with%20no%20diet%2C%20the%20largest%20weight%20loss%20was%20associated%20with%20low-carbohydrate%20diets%20%288.73%20kg%20%5B95%25%20credible%20interval%20%7BCI%7D%2C%207.27%20to%2010.20%20kg%5D%20at%206-month%20follow-up%20and%207.25%20kg%20%5B95%25%20CI%2C%205.33%20to%209.25%20kg%5D%20at%2012-month%20follow-up%29%20and%20low-fat%20diets%20%287.99%20kg%20%5B95%25%20CI%2C%206.01%20to%209.92%20kg%5D%20at%206-month%20follow-up%20and%207.27%20kg%20%5B95%25%20CI%2C%205.26%20to%209.34%20kg%5D%20at%2012-month%20follow-up%29.%20Weight%20loss%20differences%20between%20individual%20diets%20were%20minimal.%20For%20example%2C%20the%20Atkins%20diet%20resulted%20in%20a%201.71%20kg%20greater%20weight%20loss%20than%20the%20Zone%20diet%20at%206-month%20follow-up.%20Between%206-%20and%2012-month%20follow-up%2C%20the%20influence%20of%20behavioral%20support%20%283.23%20kg%20%5B95%25%20CI%2C%202.23%20to%204.23%20kg%5D%20at%206-month%20follow-up%20vs%201.08%20kg%20%5B95%25%20CI%2C%20-1.82%20to%203.96%20kg%5D%20at%2012-month%20follow-up%29%20and%20exercise%20%280.64%20kg%20%5B95%25%20CI%2C%20-0.35%20to%201.66%20kg%5D%20vs%202.13%20kg%20%5B95%25%20CI%2C%200.43%20to%203.85%20kg%5D%2C%20respectively%29%20on%20weight%20loss%20differed.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%20AND%20RELEVANCE%3A%20Significant%20weight%20loss%20was%20observed%20with%20any%20low-carbohydrate%20or%20low-fat%20diet.%20Weight%20loss%20differences%20between%20individual%20named%20diets%20were%20small.%20This%20supports%20the%20practice%20of%20recommending%20any%20diet%20that%20a%20patient%20will%20adhere%20to%20in%20order%20to%20lose%20weight.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%2003%2C%202014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1001%5C%2Fjama.2014.10397%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221538-3598%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22W5GSFHF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-12-29T19%3A06%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Beck, V., Rohr, U., & Jungbauer, A. (2005). Phytoestrogens derived from red clover: an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy?
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ,
94 (5), 499–518.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.12.038
Nathan, J., Panjwani, S., Mohan, V., Joshi, V., & Thakurdesai, P. A. (2014). Efficacy and safety of standardized extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum L seeds as an adjuvant to L-Dopa in the management of patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Phytotherapy Research: PTR ,
28 (2), 172–178.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4969
Haeri, M. R., Limaki, H. K., White, C. J. B., & White, K. N. (2012). Non-insulin dependent anti-diabetic activity of (2S, 3R, 4S) 4-hydroxyisoleucine of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats.
Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology ,
19 (7), 571–574.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.01.004
Basch, E., Ulbricht, C., Kuo, G., Szapary, P., & Smith, M. (2003). Therapeutic applications of fenugreek. Alternative Medicine Review: A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic , 8 (1), 20–27.
Pająk, P., Socha, R., Broniek, J., Królikowska, K., & Fortuna, T. (2019). Antioxidant properties, phenolic and mineral composition of germinated chia, golden flax, evening primrose, phacelia and fenugreek.
Food Chemistry ,
275 , 69–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.081
Gong, J., Fang, K., Dong, H., Wang, D., Hu, M., & Lu, F. (2016). Effect of fenugreek on hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetes and prediabetes: A meta-analysis.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology ,
194 , 260–268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003
Pająk, P., Socha, R., Broniek, J., Królikowska, K., & Fortuna, T. (2019). Antioxidant properties, phenolic and mineral composition of germinated chia, golden flax, evening primrose, phacelia and fenugreek.
Food Chemistry ,
275 , 69–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.081
Nagulapalli Venkata, K. C., Swaroop, A., Bagchi, D., & Bishayee, A. (2017). A small plant with big benefits: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) for disease prevention and health promotion.
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research ,
61 (6).
https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600950
Leyva-López, N., Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E. P., Vazquez-Olivo, G., & Heredia, J. B. (2017). Essential Oils of Oregano: Biological Activity beyond Their Antimicrobial Properties.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) ,
22 (6).
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060989
Sakkas, H., & Papadopoulou, C. (2017). Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils.
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology ,
27 (3), 429–438.
https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1608.08024
Rodriguez-Garcia, I., Silva-Espinoza, B. A., Ortega-Ramirez, L. A., Leyva, J. M., Siddiqui, M. W., Cruz-Valenzuela, M. R., … Ayala-Zavala, J. F. (2016). Oregano Essential Oil as an Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Additive in Food Products.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ,
56 (10), 1717–1727.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.800832
Pleschka S. (n.d.). Testing of the antiviral activity of ANGOCIN® Anti-Infekt-N mixture on influenza virus A/Hamburg/01/09 (H1N1v) replication on MDCK-II-cells and A549-cells via Focus-and HA-Assay;
Anne Schüller. (2017).
Untersuchungen zur antibakteriellen Wirkung eines senfölhaltigen Pflanzenpräparates (Angocin® Anti-Infekt N) auf mundpathogene Keime . Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau, Freiburg. Retrieved from
https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:11613/datastreams/FILE1/content
Story, J. A., LePage, S. L., Petro, M. S., West, L. G., Cassidy, M. M., Lightfoot, F. G., & Vahouny, G. V. (1984). Interactions of alfalfa plant and sprout saponins with cholesterol in vitro and in cholesterol-fed rats.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ,
39 (6), 917–929.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/39.6.917
Živilė, TARASEVIČIENĖ, Honorata, DANILČENKO, Elvyra, JARIENĖ, Aurelija, PAULAUSKIENĖ, & Marek GAJEWSKI. (n.d.). Changes in Some Chemical Components During Germination of Broccoli Seeds.
Hong, Y. H., Huang, C. J., Wang, S. C., & Lin, B. F. (2009). The ethyl acetate extract of alfalfa sprout ameliorates disease severity of autoimmune-prone MRL-lpr/lpr mice.
Lupus ,
18 (3), 206–215.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203308095450
Beaver, L. M., Lӧhr, C. V., Clarke, J. D., Glasser, S. T., Watson, G. W., Wong, C. P., … Ho, E. (2018). Broccoli Sprouts Delay Prostate Cancer Formation and Decrease Prostate Cancer Severity with a Concurrent Decrease in HDAC3 Protein Expression in Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) Mice.
Current Developments in Nutrition ,
2 (3), nzy002.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzy002
Christoph Maria Herbst liest T. Colin Campbell ; Thomas M. Campbell, China study die wissenschaftliche Begründung für eine vegane Ernährungsweise . (2013). Berlin: Argon-Verl.
Flamme, W., Kurpjun, CH., Seddig, S., Jansen, G., & Jürgens, H.-U. (2003, December 31). Gekeimte Samen als Futtermittel - Analytik. Retrieved from
https://service.ble.de/ptdb/index2.php?detail_id=85377&site_key=142&zeilenzahl_zaehler=1135&NextRow=470
Benincasa, P., Falcinelli, B., Lutts, S., Stagnari, F., & Galieni, A. (2019). Sprouted Grains: A Comprehensive Review.
Nutrients ,
11 (2).
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020421
Merendino, N., Molinari, R., Costantini, L., Mazzucato, A., Pucci, A., Bonafaccia, F., … Bonafaccia, G. (2014). A new “functional” pasta containing tartary buckwheat sprouts as an ingredient improves the oxidative status and normalizes some blood pressure parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Food & Function ,
5 (5), 1017–1026.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60683j
Ikeda K., & K. Arioka, S. Fujii, T. Kusano, and M. Oku. (1984). Effect on Buckwheat Protein Quality of Seed Germination and Changes in Trypsin Inhibitor Content.
Cereal Chemestry 61 , 236-238. Retrieved from
https://www.cerealsgrains.org/publications/cc/backissues/1984/Documents/CC1984a54.html
Burkholder, P. R., & McVeigh, I. (1942). The Increase of B Vitamins in Germinating Seeds.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,
28 (10), 440–446.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.28.10.440
M., Marton, Zs., Mandoki, Zs., Csapo-Kiss, & J., Csapo. (210AD, January 1). The role of sprouts in human nutrition. A review. Retrieved from
http://www.acta.sapientia.ro/acta-alim/C3/alim3-5.pdf
Lagiou, P., Sandin, S., Weiderpass, E., Lagiou, A., Mucci, L., Trichopoulos, D., & Adami, H.-O. (2007). Low carbohydrate-high protein diet and mortality in a cohort of Swedish women.
Journal of Internal Medicine ,
261 (4), 366–374.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01774.x
Fung, T. T., van Dam, R. M., Hankinson, S. E., Stampfer, M., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2010). Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: two cohort studies.
Annals of Internal Medicine ,
153 (5), 289–298.
https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003
Lichtenfeld, S., Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., & Pekrun, R. (2012). Fertile green: green facilitates creative performance.
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin ,
38 (6), 784–797.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212436611
Konowalchuk, J., & Speirs, J. I. (1976). Virus inactivation by grapes and wines. Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 32 (6), 757–763.
Watzl, B., & Leitzmann, C. (2005). Bioaktive Substanzen in Lebensmitteln: 61 Tabellen (3., unveränd. Aufl). Stuttgart: Hippokrates.
Thimothe, J., Bonsi, I. A., Padilla-Zakour, O. I., & Koo, H. (2007). Chemical characterization of red wine grape (Vitis vinifera and Vitis interspecific hybrids) and pomace phenolic extracts and their biological activity against Streptococcus mutans.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ,
55 (25), 10200–10207.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0722405
MacGregor, J. T., & Jurd, L. (1978). Mutagenicity of plant flavonoids: structural requirements for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium.
Mutation Research ,
54 (3), 297–309.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1161(78)90020-1
Dauer, A., Metzner, P., & Schimmer, O. (1998). Proanthocyanidins from the bark of Hamamelis virginiana exhibit antimutagenic properties against nitroaromatic compounds.
Planta Medica ,
64 (4), 324–327.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957443
Aviram, M., Rosenblat, M., Gaitini, D., Nitecki, S., Hoffman, A., Dornfeld, L., … Hayek, T. (2004). Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation.
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) ,
23 (3), 423–433.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2003.10.002
Lansky, E. P., & Newman, R. A. (2007). Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology ,
109 (2), 177–206.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.006
Maghrani, M., Zeggwagh, N.-A., Michel, J.-B., & Eddouks, M. (2005). Antihypertensive effect of Lepidium sativum L. in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology ,
100 (1–2), 193–197.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.024
Nagata, N., Xu, L., Kohno, S., Ushida, Y., Aoki, Y., Umeda, R., … Ota, T. (2017). Glucoraphanin Ameliorates Obesity and Insulin Resistance Through Adipose Tissue Browning and Reduction of Metabolic Endotoxemia in Mice.
Diabetes ,
66 (5), 1222–1236.
https://doi.org/10.2337/db16-0662
Marton, M., Mandoki, Z., Csapo-Kiss, Z., & Csapo, J. (n.d.). The role of sprouts in human nutrition. A review .
Chavan, U. D. (2018). Phenolic: antioxidants and health benefits . Jodhpur, India: Scientific Publishers.
Greger, M., & Stone, G. (2018). How not to die: discover the foods scientifically proven to prevent and reverse disease .
Ornish, D., Brown, S. E., Scherwitz, L. W., Billings, J. H., Armstrong, W. T., Ports, T. A., … Gould, K. L. (1990). Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial.
Lancet (London, England) ,
336 (8708), 129–133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91656-u
Celik, A. (n.d.). Low Carb Diät [Studien Ernährung Sport]. Retrieved from
https://vitalinstitut.net/low-carb-diaet/
Graham, D. N., & Unimedica. (2015). Die 80/10/10 Diät Die revolutionäre High-Carb-Formel - rohvegan und fettarm . Kandern: Unimedica ein Imprint der Narayana Verlag.
McDougall, J. A., & McDougall, M. (2015). Die High-Carb-Diät: Abnehmen mit den richtigen Kohlenhydraten (1. Aufl). München: riva.
Cornier, M.-A., Donahoo, W. T., Pereira, R., Gurevich, I., Westergren, R., Enerback, S., … Draznin, B. (2005). Insulin sensitivity determines the effectiveness of dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss in obese women.
Obesity Research ,
13 (4), 703–709.
https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.79
Kodama, S., Saito, K., Tanaka, S., Maki, M., Yachi, Y., Sato, M., … Sone, H. (2009). Influence of fat and carbohydrate proportions on the metabolic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.
Diabetes Care ,
32 (5), 959–965.
https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1716
Volek, J. S., Sharman, M. J., Gómez, A. L., DiPasquale, C., Roti, M., Pumerantz, A., & Kraemer, W. J. (2004). Comparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and postprandial lipemic responses in overweight women.
Journal of the American College of Nutrition ,
23 (2), 177–184.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719359
Foster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., Makris, A. P., Rosenbaum, D. L., Brill, C., … Klein, S. (2010). Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial.
Annals of Internal Medicine ,
153 (3), 147–157.
https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005
Johnston, B. C., Kanters, S., Bandayrel, K., Wu, P., Naji, F., Siemieniuk, R. A., … Mills, E. J. (2014). Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis.
JAMA ,
312 (9), 923–933.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.10397